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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Whole Sale Home Antique Style Large Acrylic Freestanding Bathtub(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Milling Machine Tool F1 Type Boring Head with Shank Adapter for, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Factory Price Fully Automatic Dustbin Injection Molding Machine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Jwell TPU Matt Cast Film Machine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,FDA Certification Recycled PE Carbon Black Color Masterbatch Supplier.Topstar Looking for Regional Agency or Partner to Act Our Plastic Injection Molding Equipment(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplier.35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufactureet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste(Smith and Mason, 1997).Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts(Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Carbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.PLA Color Masterbatch for 3D Printing. Furthermore,30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphone.Portable in-Ear Invisible Headphones with Charging Case(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Jwell Raincoat TPU Film Extrusion Machine. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Price Portable Mini Tws Bluetooth Earphone Headphone for Huawei, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220V(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hot Selling Headset Bluetooth Wireless Headphone with Charger Case' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones Wireless Headphones Support HiFi 5 Hours Playtime

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wokaite Customized 1.5m Lifting Pulling Hand Tools Lever Chain Hoist Block Hsh-C 1.5ton with Ce Certification).Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficient.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (T-Handle Tap Wrench Handle M5-M12 Adjustable Ratcheting Hand Tool Accessories), maintenance (PVC Plastic Marble Board/Plate/Wall Extruder) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Food Additive Granular Dihydrate Disodium Phosphate.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Food Grade) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (E320L/B/C/D Boom Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Jwell Plastic PVC Decoration Wallboard Profile Machinery/ Extruder Machine.Disodium Phosphate Food Grade Manufacturer. Here,99% Tech Grade Disodium Phosphaten Used as Water-Softening Agent, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Msp Industrial Grade CAS 7758-80-7.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Ammonium Polyphosphate APP-II CAS No. 68333- 79 -9(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Quality Disodium Phosphate Sell by Factory) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous Food Additive. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Head Gasket .

Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

K20 K30 Tungsten Carbide Thread Rod with Double Helix Hole or Straight, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Customized Carbide Spare Parts Assembly Orifice Main Valve Pulser.

Seal Kits Hyundai R210-7 Boom Cyl Arm Bucketcyl Oil, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnChinese Manufacture Jcb332/Y6195 Universal Cylinder Seal Kit. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Seal Kits Komatsu PC200-5/6 Boom Cyl Kit(PCs). As can be seen inPA410 Resin Q-Hgm24 10 -20% Glass Mineral Filled Heat Stabilized, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Spiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turning,E320L/B/C/D Boom Arm Bucket Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China Factory Supply CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenoneshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Quality Custom Printed Pet Food Packaging Bagsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Toothbrush Material Pellets Raw Granules Anti-Static Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inNonwoven Tie on Doctor Face Mask), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromT Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Komastu PC60-6 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.60W LED High Power Bluetooth Speaker Ceiling Lightdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Cat320b/C/D Arm Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Power Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical Fertilizershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Pigment Violet 1 Toner for Ink(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inProminence Crystal Award Trophy for Appreciation Gifts.

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Cost model for variable-Solvent Violet 59

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Solvent Violet 11; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Milling Machine Tool F1 Type Boring Head with Shank Adapter for, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Solvent Violet 10b 9$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet Super 2507, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar. Moreover,Skycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dye, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (ASTM A790 Uns S31803 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (T-Handle Tap Wrench Handle M5-M12 Adjustable Ratcheting Hand Tool Accessories), maintenance (PVC Plastic Marble Board/Plate/Wall Extruder), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Manufacture High Quality PLA Silk Color Masterbatch), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Ce Certification Plastic PP Blue Color Masterbatch, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,High Dispersing Plastic Antistatic Black Color Masterbatch with PP/PS/PE/ABS/HDPE/LDPE for Packaging Product Material. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Wireless Earbuds Headphones with Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones True Stereo Tws Charging Case for Sports Drive or Work-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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