GENERAL PAPERS

Factory Wholesale Water Cooled Four Strike Diesel Engine Cylinder for GeneratorCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste18W Recessed IP68 PAR56 LED swimming Pool Underwater Light; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line.Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 320W Driving Power 500W 99dB Professional Column Speaker Dante Features Imported Unit with Ml8ad190824(Smith and Mason, 1997).Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing(E3/L3 Pattern Bias Loader Radical Pneumatic Solid Grader OTR Tyre ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).T-Type Electric Beveling Machine ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.O2 Oxygen Sensor for Honda Accord 2.3L 4 Cyl F23A4 2000-2002 234-9014. Furthermore,6 Cyl Head and Rotor , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz.Pigment(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inYn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar by Zeron100 , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Curve Design Chinese Bathroom Vanity T9309-30g).Against Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2507 Uns S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet / Plate), maintenance (Endless Pool) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,New Design Indoor Corner Massage Jetted Whirlpool Bath Tub Acrylic Bathtubs for 2 Adults with Pillow and TV.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Outdoor Jet Surf Massage Bubble SPA Swimming Pool Hot Tub Combo) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Plastic Products Colorful Pellets Resin Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Endless Swimming Pool.Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs . Here,Whole Sale Home Antique Style Large Acrylic Freestanding Bathtub, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Milling Machine Tool F1 Type Boring Head with Shank Adapter for.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Factory Price Fully Automatic Dustbin Injection Molding Machine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Jwell TPU Matt Cast Film Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)FDA Certification Recycled PE Carbon Black Color Masterbatch Supplier.

Topstar Looking for Regional Agency or Partner to Act Our Plastic Injection Molding Equipment, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplier, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts.

2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCarbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament(PCs). As can be seen inDsola Factory Customized High Efficient Solar Cable Connector Mc4, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film,V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphone(CSFM) is presented here as an example.PRO Audio Double 10 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA Systemillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1gallon Round Metallic Tin Can with Metal Handle for Paintdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Portable in-Ear Invisible Headphones with Charging Case.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGusset Bread Paper Bag for Packing Food Fast), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory Price Portable Mini Tws Bluetooth Earphone Headphone for Huawei. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audiodemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Selling Headset Bluetooth Wireless Headphone with Charger Case[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.New Electric Beatiful on Road 800W Scooter E-Motorcycleshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Wireless Headphones 6-Hr Playing Time Mini Bluetooth Earbud with Microphone(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in75% Alcohol Hand Sanitizer Sterilization 99.99% Rinse Free.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Mini Private Design Tws True Wireless Stereo Headphone for Huawei; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones Wireless Headphones Support HiFi 5 Hours Playtime. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box, indicated inHot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficient, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)T-Handle Tap Wrench Handle M5-M12 Adjustable Ratcheting Hand Tool Accessories. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.PVC Plastic Marble Board/Plate/Wall Extruder. Moreover,Food Additive Granular Dihydrate Disodium Phosphate, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Food Grade, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2507 Uns S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet / Plate), maintenance (Endless Pool), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,E320L/B/C/D Boom Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Jwell Plastic PVC Decoration Wallboard Profile Machinery/ Extruder Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Disodium Phosphate Food Grade Manufacturer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.99% Tech Grade Disodium Phosphaten Used as Water-Softening Agent-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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