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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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Mainframe and Large Motor

On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Brightness Stand Alone Advertising Kiosk for Government(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate 20.5%N Steel Grade for Agriculture, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Speed 258kw 6 Cylinder Industrial Diesel Engine for Electric.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Super Quality and Best Price Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N21%. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Water Cooled Diesel Engine Color Custom for Power Generator Set.Direct Injection Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder 4-Stroke Used for Electric Generator Sets(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Nitrogen Fertilizers Agriculture N20.5% Granular Ammonium Sulphate.China Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Qualityet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Industrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace(Smith and Mason, 1997).White Crystalline Ammonium Sulphate for Compound Fertilizer(White Color Crystal Nitrogen N21% Ammonium Sulfate). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Deisel Engine for Silent Power Generator with 6-Cylinder, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).in Line Multy-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Power Generator Set; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.in Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set. Furthermore,Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Gensets, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-6-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Four-Strke for Silent Generator Set.Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke Used for Cylinder Generator Set(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator Set. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Water Cooled Cylinder Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBt 4.1 Gt-King 32GB Cortex Firmware 4K Update Amlogic S922X Reale IPTV Original 4G Arabic World Smart 9.0 Android TV Box(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Nitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Agriculture Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Stroke, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Ammonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+Capro(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (0-10V and 1-10V attenuation power supply from 100V to 130V AC constant voltage input 24V 150W 6.25A thin LED controller).Factory Price Ammonium Sulfate for Crystal Compound Fertilizer.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Competitive Pice N21% Caprolactam Ammonium Sulphate Nitrogen Fertilizer), maintenance (Water Cooling Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder for Power Generator) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,258kw 6cylinder Wd Series Diesel Engine for Generator Set .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Color Custom in-Line Diesel Engine for Generator Sets) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (in Line Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator with Good Quality) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set.Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage. Here,Color Custom Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Electric Power Generator Set.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Generator Set(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Diesel Engine Used for Silent Generator Set with Multy-Cylinder. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage Display.

Chinese Brand New 258kw/1500rpm 12 Cylinder 4 Stroke Marine Diesel Engine , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

43" Indoor Narrow Bezel Floor Standstand Alone and Networked LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,49 Inch Portable Alone Standing LED LCD Poster Digital Menu Board.

Alone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Display, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWaterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Mineral Reagents Coal Dressing Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate(PCs). As can be seen inChinese Supplier of Variable Frequency Drive/AC/DC Motor Speed Controller, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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55 Optional Inch Outdoor Stand Double-Side Alone Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display,60 Inch Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage and Display(CSFM) is presented here as an example.11AC 5GHz 1750Mbps Realtek Rtl8814au Chipeset Dual Band WiFi Dongle WLAN Stick for Linux Laptop Desktopillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCarb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furnituredemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2021 Popular Outdoor LCD display Alone Instagram Photo Booth.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBreathable Backsheet Hight Quality Reasonable Price Adult Diaper), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFood Additive Granular Dihydrate Disodium Phosphate) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.White Ammonium Sulphate NPK Fertilizer. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Nitrogen 21% Crystal Shape Agriculture Fertilizer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Jarol Strong Overload Capacity AC Drive Frequency Inverter shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Capro Grade Crystal (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Printed Mailers Bag High Quality Poly Shipping Bags.

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Cost model for variable-Powder Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate with Nitrogen 21%

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Powder Caprolactam Grade Chemical Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.N21% Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate 20.5%N Steel Grade for Agriculture, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

White Color Crystal Nitrogen N21% Ammonium Sulfate. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.China Best Price Agriculture Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%, indicated inChinese Cheap 800kg Zl08f Garden Mini Small Compact Avant Wheel Front End Loader with Ce, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Factory Price Agricultrue Fertilizer with Caprolactam Grade$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.White Powder, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Crystal Nitrogen 21% Agricultural Fertilizer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Ammonium Sulphate. Moreover,Nitrogen Fertilizer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Steel Grade, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Competitive Pice N21% Caprolactam Ammonium Sulphate Nitrogen Fertilizer), maintenance (Water Cooling Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder for Power Generator), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Granular CAS No. 7783-20-2 N21% Ammonium Sulphate), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Blue Star 21%, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Urea Fertilizer/ Ammonium Sulfate with Steel Grade. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Agriculture Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam 25kg Package-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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