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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

Dual 10 Inch Line Array for Church Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Variable Speed Drive MPPT Motor Controller Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Compact Mini Farm Loader 800kg Wheel for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Frequency China Vector Control AC Drive Power Supply Inverter Solar Converter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.0.8ton Zl08f Small Wheel Loader.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Loading Machine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Mini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Compact Payloader Zl08 Mini Front End Wheel Loader with Ce.Farm Equipment 800kg Small Loader Payloader for Sale(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Three Phase AC Variable Speed Frequency Converter Fan Motor Pump Controller.0.8t Multifunctional Hydraulic Wheel Loader for Farmet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Milling Machine Tool F1 Type Boring Head with Shank Adapter for(Smith and Mason, 1997).Android TV Box X96 Air 4GB 32GB Media Player(800kg Farm Mini Loader Chargeur Minilader Cargador). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China Articulated Wheel Loader Mr 908 Euro Style 800kg /0.8ton Mini for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Construction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick Hitch; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce. Furthermore,Frequency Converter 0.5 HP, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-125HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump.Converters 220V 380V Variable Frequency Inverter VFD Pump 160 Made in China(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Price. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pump, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Engineered Teak Poplar Birch Veneer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;AC Manufacturer 3 pH Compressor Solar Pump Inverter VFD Voltage Converter' names:

Jarol Converter 220 380 Inverter 220V to 380V Frequency 50Hz 60Hz: based on 36-foot,3 Phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Variable Drive Manufacturer Solar Modules,Bt 4.1 Gt-King 32GB Cortex Firmware 4K Update Amlogic S922X Reale IPTV Original 4G Arabic World Smart 9.0 Android TV Box,Amlogic S905X3 X96 Air 2g 16g Android 9.0 Media Player, and level control

Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Customized Supported Android 9.0 X96 Air Media Box

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mini Loader/Small Wheel Loader Zl08 with CE, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Polyester School Backpack Waterproof Outdoor Schoolbag Studetns).Small Wheel Loader Zl08 CE.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Mini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for), maintenance (Supper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small Backhoe) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Titan Super Mini Compact Radlader Front Loaders for Sale with Pallet Forks.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (AC Drive Output and Triple Frequency Converter 60 Hz 50 Power Supply) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Titan Brand 0.8 Ton Farm Garden Use Mini Smalll Wheel Loader for Sale) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Mini Wheel Loader Hot Sale with Pallet Fork Zl908.220V 3HP Frequency Converter. Here,AC Frequency Converter2HP 1phase, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Electric Motor AC Output Power and Triple Frequency Converter VFD Drive Inverter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Supprot OEM Software Android 9.1 Rk3228 2GB and 16GB Wholesale TV Boxes) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Articulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loader. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compact.

7.5HP Frequency Converter Vector, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (New Design Converter 220V 380V DC AC Inverter Motor Pump VFD Power High Quality, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Factory Price 0.8 Ton Best Cheap Mini Compact Wheel Loader with Ce, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Mammut Hot Sale Wl12 1ton Electric Control Mini Front End Wheel Loader.

G52 Gt-King Controls Android Pendoo Freesat 9.0 Smart 64GB Recarga Octa Core TV Box 4K, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnVariable Frequency Drive Inverter Manufacturer 3 pH Power Saver AC Synchronous Motor. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Vectron Frequency Inverter(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Zl08f Mini/Small Farm Garden Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Best Price,OEM/ODM T95 Allwinner H616 Android 10.0 6K 4GB 32GB Box 4K Remote Control Smart TV(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Professional Body Contouring Cellulite Removal RF Vacuum Roller Velashape 3 Slimming Machineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.49" 450nits LG panel advertising LCD screen shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBody Shape Scuplting Fast Cavitation Slimming System Radio Frequency Facial Velashape Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Beautiful Design T95 RAM 4GB ROM 32GB Allwinner H616 Universal 4K TV Android 10.0 Set Top Box.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPhoto Booth Kiosk 21.5 Inch Floor Stand with Android Single Advertising Signs Download Ad Player Wall Mount Tablet), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromInnopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Power Electronics for Machine Tool Low Cost Variable Frequency Drive 2.2kw. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.43" Indoor Narrow Bezel Floor Standstand Alone and Networked LCD Advertising Display Digital Signagedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factoryshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Inverter AC Drive(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale OEM Men Clothing Golf Tennis Sportswear Dry Fit Custom Mens Polo Shirt.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Small Compact Front Wheel Loader / Zl08 Farm Garden Mini/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.DC/AC Drive Inverter Solar Pump Converter 1.5kw Motor Green Energy; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Frequency China Vector Control AC Drive Power Supply Inverter Solar Converter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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800kg Farm Mini Loader Chargeur Minilader Cargador$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Titan Brand Mini Small Chargeur De Roues Radlader Gommata Carregador Roda Cargador Ruedaschargeur Tracteur Traktorlader Caricatore Trattore D, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)VFD 0.75kw 220V 230V 1HP AC Motor Controller 50Hz 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Washing Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Radlader Zl08 Wheel Loader for Sale Mini Articulated. Moreover,Customized Bintangor Plywood Face Veneer of Commercial, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Dual Core L55 Freesat IPTV Morocco Installato DVB Set Top Gospel Price DDR4 IP 4K TV Box Android, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Mini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for), maintenance (Supper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small Backhoe), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,0.18mm Engineered Wood Face Veneer), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.4K J45 128GB Stick Firmware Download User Manual for Cable Junction Android TV Box, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Dyed Skateboard Veneer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.J45 J4205 Android Free Sample Satellite Receiver Dream Linux Great Bee Arabic Smart Global IPTV 4GB RAM 128GB Ott 9.0 TV Box-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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