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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

Vacuum Shape Velashape Body Slimming SPA EquipmentCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Outdoor Show Audio Lt12 Passive Line Array Speaker SystemErgonomic Design AC 3000kg Trolley Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Karaoke Microphone Bluetooth Sound Mixer Video Conference(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Outdoor Speaker Professional Audio Factory, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Active Speaker with LED Display 15"500W Full Range Bluetooth H-15p.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Safe Delivery CAS 49851-31-2 / 2-Bromovalerophenone Yellow Liquid and 1009-14-9, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2021 Chemical Titanium Dioxide Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 13463-67-7.Raw Material Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 Pain Killer Factory(Khalesiet al.,2015).

80%-90% Lactic Acid CAS 598-82-3 L-Lactic.PRO Audio PA Speaker et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Komatsu Bucket Cyl Ket for PC300-5(Smith and Mason, 1997).Top Quality Tretinoin Powder  Retinoic Acid for Skin Care(Everun Brand 2021 Ce Approved Er08 Small Compact Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)TCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker Waterproof, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Quality Skin Care Tretinoin Powder with Best Price; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Speker System 12 Inch PA Line Array Audio S1210, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Brazilian Spanish Market 99%Pure Lidocaine HCl Drugs USP36. Furthermore,Eco SIP System 30W Waterproof PA Wall Speaker with Digital Power Amplifier Connect to Poe Switch, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot Selling High Quality CAS. 56-95-1 Chlorhexidine Acetate.Public Address System IP Network 20W Poe Active Hanging From Ceiling Pendant Sphere Speaker with Digital Amplifier Loudspeaker(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Passive Single 12'' Line Array Loudspeaker Sound System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (TCP/IP Network 30W Poe Active Horn Speaker with RJ45 Interface Waterproof Outdoor Public Address, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inKomatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC300-5(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;TCP/IP Network 15W Poe Active Horn Speaker Waterproof Outdoor Use' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,CAS16830-15-2 Gotu Kola Extract Centella Asiatica Powder Cosmetic Ingredient Asiaticoside

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Blended Powder Oil Liquid Ripex 225 for Muscle Growth, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Good Effect for Treating Infertility in Women Clom CAS: 911-45-5(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Nature Series White Artificial Engineered Quartz Stone Countertop/Vanity Top /Island/ Benchtop).Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Loudspeaker 98dB 250W Two-Way Inside Amplifier Vs10205.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (White Crystal or Powder Xylazine Xylazin CAS 7361-61-7 for Animal), maintenance (professional Line-Array Dual12" Three-Way Tri-AMP Ease Features 150W 300W 750W 16 Omega Sound Reinforcement System with Vt312190816) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Xylazine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 23076-35-9 for Antinociceptive.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Bulksupplement Vitamin a Acetate 0.5miu Ws Feed Grade CAS No 127-47-9) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Low Price Malonic Acid / Propanedioic CAS 141-82-2) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2 Way Active Full Range Speaker Mini Portable Powered Loudspeaker.L-Arginine Nutritional Supplements  Arginine  Flavoring Agents. Here,Indoor DJ Stage Two Way Active Line Array Cabinet Box, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-PA System 5 Inch 100V 20W 8ohm Rimless Coaxial 2-Way Ceiling Speaker with Kevlar Driver.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.98dB 250W Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Speaker Two-Way Inside Amplifier Line Array System with Vs10190905(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Lucky Tone SIP PA System 15W Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Amplifier and Fire Dome for Public Address) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Glycine Methyl Ester Hydrochloride . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Isoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0.

Vitamin a Palmitate 1.0m, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

2-Cyclohexylethanol , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,L-Pyroglutamic Acid.

Reliable Supplier of Chlorphenesin/104-29-0 with Best Price in Stock! !, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnVitamin a Palmitate Powder 500 Cws-Gfp. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).L-Pyroglutamic Acid(PCs). As can be seen inSport Using Motor Vehicle with Sealed Chain Final Drive, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

ISO

In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Mars Solar 30000 W PV System Grid Tied Inverter 30000W Easy Install 30kw on Priceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHome Theater Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality Retinoic Acid .

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM Custom Fashion 925 Silver Jewelry Necklace with Pearl Leaf Charm), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Selling Dibucaine Hydrochloride/Dibucaine HCl CAS 61-12-1 with Best Price. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Euro 5 Loader for Saledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 Manufacturer and Supplier[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Containershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Pharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Plush Toy Stuffing Animal Koala Kids Australian.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Professional Audio Speaker System Sing 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Hydroxyacetic Acid Glycolic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Outdoor Speaker Professional Audio Factory, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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High Quality Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Powder Feed Grade CAS 79 -57-2$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Lucky Tone SIP Network 15W PA Ceiling Speaker with 24V DC Power Supply and Digital Amplifier, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Potassium 2. Moreover,PA Audio Church Theater Three-Way Large Touring Line Array Speaker Sound System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Professional Speaker System Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (White Crystal or Powder Xylazine Xylazin CAS 7361-61-7 for Animal), maintenance (professional Line-Array Dual12" Three-Way Tri-AMP Ease Features 150W 300W 750W 16 Omega Sound Reinforcement System with Vt312190816), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Factory Supply Top Quality Cooling Agent Ws-3 CAS 39711- 79 -0), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional Audio Speaker Active Single 8 Inch Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Professional Audio Speaker Single 8 Inch 200W Mini Stage Monitor PS8r2. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Speaker System Single 15 Inch High Power Line Array Aw15-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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