GENERAL PAPERS

Power Mini Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800WCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.High Speed UPVC/CPVC/PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe Extrusion MachineUns No6600 Inconel600 Steel Plate; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC300-5(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PPR Pipe/HDPE Pipe/PVC Pipe /UPVC Machine Manufacturer Factory, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC400-6.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Komatsu Bucket Cyl Ket for PC300-5, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hyundai Excavator Hydraulic Cylinder Bucket Seal Kit for R210. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Ex200-1/2/3/4/5 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit for Hitachi.Factory Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink and Adhesives(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Aftermarket Hdy. Cyl Repair Kits for Cat Diggers/0965606.China Factory Supply Good Quality Polyamide Resin PAet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Live Music Sound Line Array System for Acoustic and Electronic Performance(Smith and Mason, 1997).High Quality CAS No. 63428-84-2 Alcohol Soluble Polyamide PA Resin for Packaging Ink(Professional Loudspeaker Column Speaker Line Array with L7). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Used for Brushing PA610 with High Tensile Strength, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Polyamide Fabric PA; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Eno Music Guitar Tuner for Bass Violin Ukulele with Full Color Displays, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Adjust Guitar Voice Tuner LED Display. Furthermore,High Quality Nylon Plated Classical Guitar Accessory Strings, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Senior Electric Guitar .Acoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality Classical Guitar Nylon Strings. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (4 Stringed Wrapped Electric Bass Guitar Strings, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality Electric Motorbike with 800W Motor(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Lp Electric Guitar on-on-on Control Switch' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Digital Tuner for Guitar

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Newest Hot Sell Guitar Machine Head Tuner, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),10W 4" Inchs LED Dimmable Downlight for Room(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Women's Hollow Sweater Women Sexy Knitted Top).Super Power LED Lighting 100W Flicker Free Ceiling Lamp.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Bluetooth Speaker WiFi RGB+WY LED Ceiling Lamp), maintenance (60W LED High Power Bluetooth Speaker Ceiling Light) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,WiFi RGB+WY Bluetooth Speaker LED Ceiling Lamp Light.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (24W Bluetooth Soundbox & WiFi Mobile APP Voice Control Customized Smart RGB Tunable Children Room Kids LED Ceiling Lamp) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Most Popular Cheapest Price Guitar Capo for Acoustic Guitar) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Guitar / Bass Tuner .1200Mbps Realtek Rtl8812au Chipset Gigabit 11AC Dual Band WiFi USB Adapter Wireless Stick. Here,11AC 5GHz 1750Mbps Realtek Rtl8814au Chipeset Dual Band WiFi Dongle WLAN Stick for Linux Laptop Desktop, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-WLAN/WiFi 2X2 Mimo Airx Engine.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Gospell DVB-C SD TV Box MPEG-2/MPEG-4/H. 264 Video Decoding(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Rg-Ap3220 Dual Band and Radio 5.8g Wireless Poe Access Point / Ap) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Ruijie Rg-Ap220-E . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2.4G 5.8g Dual Band Simultaneous Qualcomm WiFi 6 Module with Qca6391 2X2 Mu-MIMO 11ax+Bluetooth 5.1.

5.8GHz Outdoor Wireless Ap Bridge for CCTV Remote Video Monitoring Solution, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Android Smart TV Set Top Box 7.1 Quad Core, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

5.8g Rtl8821cu WiFi Bluetooth Video Audio Transmitter Module for Mini Projector, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Full Channels High-Tech Zgemma H. S Satellite TV Receiver High CPU Linux OS DVB-S One Tuner.

New X96 Mini Android Set Top Box 4K S905W 1GB, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn4G Lte Cat7 Outdoor CPE 5GHz B46 5150-5925MHz. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Nordic Sofa Living Room Three-Person Simple Modern Technology Cloth Latex Art Small Unit Combination(PCs). As can be seen inPharmaceutical Chemical CAS 236117-38-7, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Qige Factory Kinetin CAS 525- 79 -1 Plant Growth Hormone 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGood Quality CAS: 97240- 79 -4 Topiramate Powder Pricedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0302.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in20oz/30oz/14oz/ 10oz Stainless Steel Insulated Yetis Tumbler Chinayetiprice 64oz 18oz 36oz), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.New Arrivals Modern Office Furniture Leather Sofa Set with Tea Table. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Professional Loudspeaker 10'' Neodymium Magnetdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Lanbowan 4.9-6.5GHz 30dBi 2FT MIMO Dish Antenna[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Home Furniture Set Recliner Sofa Single for Hotel Grf24shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Modern Green Velvet Lounge New Style Chester Sofa(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSmall Stuff Little Handmade Cartoon Dinosaur Plush Keychain Dragon Toys.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2021 Android TV Box H96 WiFi Set Internet/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Android 6.0 Smart TV Box Rk3229 Quad-Core 2GB/8GB Internet Set Top; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PPR Pipe/HDPE Pipe/PVC Pipe /UPVC Machine Manufacturer Factory, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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4800-6500MHz 29dBi MIMO Dish Antenna 28dBi Parabolic$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.5GHz High Power Outdoor Wireless CPE Ap by Factory Isigal, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Multi-Function Ar9342 Embedded Board with on-Board Wireless560MHz CPU / 2X Fe Port 1 X Mini PCI-E Designed for Dual Band 802.11n. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.5.180- 5.825 GHz Qualcomm Atheros Qca9994 Wle1216V5-20 I-Temp 5.8GHz 44 Mu-MIMO 802.11AC Wave 2 80+80MHz Mini WiFi Module Card. Moreover,Nordic Latex Cotton Linen Sofa Combination Modern Simple Princess Corner Living Room Small Family Removable Washing, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Special Wi-Fi 2.4G/5GWIFI+BLE5.0 WiFi Module IOT HF-LPF100, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Bluetooth Speaker WiFi RGB+WY LED Ceiling Lamp), maintenance (60W LED High Power Bluetooth Speaker Ceiling Light), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,LAN/Wan LED Wsb419 Qualcomm Atheros Ipq4019 Dual Band 802.11AC Mu-MIMO AMD Embedded Motherboard Onboard WiFi System on Module), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Modern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa Set, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Back Executive Boss Single Office Sofa Swivel Reception Chair-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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