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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to India(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Everun Er408t 800kg Earth-Moving Mini Front Wheel Loader for Sale. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader.China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale(Khalesiet al.,2015).

AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw.AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kwet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Single 10 Inch 2 Way Mini Portable Line Array Speaker(Smith and Mason, 1997).Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End(Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-P). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China. Furthermore,Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor.General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inQuality Assurance O-Phthalaldehyde(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Full Automatic Sandwich Choco Pie Cake Production Line Chocolate Coating Jaffa Making Machine).Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price), maintenance (High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB.3phase VFD. Here,0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Universal Vector Inverter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf.

Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing.

5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer(PCs). As can be seen in18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin,Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Custom Waterproof and Oil Sealing Round Metal Tin Canillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensorshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while10 Inch KTV System Wooferdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Speed Characters Cutting CNC Router Machine Sign 1325), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCustom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Ash Solid Wood decoration Boardshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Quality Conch Brand UPVC/PVC Sliding Door for Individual House.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.800W Electric Scooter/Motorcycle with LED Light; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Euro5$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Retro Scooters, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0. Moreover,Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price), maintenance (High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Frequency Converter Special for Driving Asynchronous Motors 380V 50/60Hz, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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