GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Eougem Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Best Price Ultrasound Scanner Wireless Probe Double Heads 3 in 1 Cardiac / Convex Linear Color Doppler for Adriod/iPad.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Price, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Vitreous Hemorrhage .500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System(Khalesiet al.,2015).

High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle .Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Exwork Price Emla Cream Raw Materials Lidocaine Prilocaine Local Anesthetic Powder CAS: 1786-81-8(Smith and Mason, 1997).Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner (Disc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machine). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle. Furthermore,ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet Fork, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Sp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter.Adult 150cc 200cc 300cc EPA Approved Three Wheel Mptorcycle Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.300cc Road Legal Ault Street Gas Three Wheel Scooter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ultrasound Ab Scan, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Energy Density Rechargeable 36V 48V 40ah 30ah 20ah Lithium Battery Pack for Electric Bicycle(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,800W Electric Scooter Motorcycle Bicycle with Folding Rack

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (8500dse 7.5kVA 8kVA Auto Start Air Cooled Silent Power Diesel Generator).5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna .

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner), maintenance (Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Police Motorcycle 250cc) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle .Motorbicycle with Stable Wheels. Here,2021 60km/H Electric/Pull Starting System 4 Stroke 150cc Adult Gasolina Gokart Kart Racing Go for Sale Cheap, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 .

24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (860MHz Two Way Amplifier , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas.

China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnInternal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antenna. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).24 Channels Fixed Modulator(PCs). As can be seen in6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.a. S Solar Wholesale Price System Grid Tied Energy Systems 5kw Panelsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileNew Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110ccdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inRailway Freight Train Shipping Forwarder to Portugal Estonia DDP Door Amazon Fba), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speakerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,80kw Grid Tied Solar System for Commercial or Industrial Use[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PE Waterproof Roll Extrusion Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMetal Medal Custom.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Ophthalmic Equipment Biometer Scan a/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.0-20dB 75 Ohm CATV Variable Adjustable Attenuator Equalizer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Eougem Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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20MHz Probe Ophthalmology Ultrasound MD-2300S$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.860MHz Two Way Amplifier , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometer. Moreover,Ebike Battery Pack Li-ion 36V 10ah Lithium for Electric Scooter with Long Cycle Life, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Allsparkpower Solar 48V 5kw Inverter 10kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery Storage for Home Power System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner), maintenance (Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,500W Air-Cooled Wide Band UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.10kw Cheap Solar Panels Complete Grid Tied System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,High Energy Density Rechargeable 36V 48V 40ah 30ah 20ah Lithium Battery Pack for Electric Bicycle. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Home Solar Energy Storage System 3.2V Battery Bank LiFePO4 100ah 50ah 20ah 10ah Lithium Pack-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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