GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60HzAmerican Walnut Single Crown Cut Veneer Recon Engineered for Door Furniture Plywood; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Price. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Popular 800W Power Electric Scooter.1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader.2862 Easy Installation 5kw 6kw 8kw 10kw 12kw on Grid Solar Systemet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory(Smith and Mason, 1997).Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08(Sell Well Opa). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle. Furthermore,Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter.1L Beer Can(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Quality Electric Scooter Factory. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1L Panit Can' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Designer Perfume).Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator), maintenance (0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture.Radiate Pine Face Veneer. Here,Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)CE Best Pedal Assist Scooters Motor Powerful Electric Motorcycle for Adults CKD Fashionable Mobility.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box.

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whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw(PCs). As can be seen in12" Line Array Loud Speaker Sound System Professional PA, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound Systemshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileIN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scannerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCkgled HD Indoor/Outdoor P2.6/P2.9/P3.91/P4.81 Event Rental Stage LED Display Screen), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Big Discount 99% Glycocyamine Supply Guanidineacetic Acid 352-97-6demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Solar Energy Storage System Built-in Invertershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inYishan 160HP swamp track type dozer TS160G with Weichai engine.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter. Moreover,Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator), maintenance (0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Wolf Shovel Loader E5 for Agriculture Work, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency ConverterChina E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for GirlsCorresponding author