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Computer Display Universal Testing Machine

On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.350-1500W 48-72V Smart Cheap Motorcycle for Adults Heavy Duty Electric(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cute Street Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Lady's Smart Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W20ah.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Reconstituted Composite Woven Veneer Braided, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Super Power 2 Wheel Faster with Optional Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle for Adult. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Roof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork.Everun Brand 0.8ton Compact Wheel Loader with 4in1 Bucketet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Steel Copper Aluminum Iron DOT Peen Marking Machine with Rotary(Smith and Mason, 1997).Zl08f Wheel Loader with Rops Cab(Solar Inverter Pump 15kw). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).7.5HP Three Phase Frequency Converter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter. Furthermore,10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-3HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase.15HP Three Phase Frequency Converter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Power Smart Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNo Flicker Glare RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light for Intex Pools or Theme(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase' names:

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Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1.5kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (American Children's Clothing Girls' Coat Spring Korean Version of Long- Sleeved Batwing Jacket European).Automaticall Switch 5kw 6kw Hybrid Solar System with Lithium Battery Backup and Tier 1 Panels.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Round Tin Can for Food Packaging Empty Tinplate), maintenance (2021 Cheap 60V 350W Cool Adult Electric Bike / Bicycle Motorcycle with Pedal) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Pencil Cedar Veneer Medium Denstiy Fiberboards for Stairs.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Technical Wood Veneer MDF Boards for Cupboard) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Quality Small Metal Tin Can with Open Top Lid for Lubricant) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Long Using Life Shuttering Plywood with Logo for Construction.Huihuang Bamboo Fence Timbers. Here,Solar Power System Home 5kw off Grid Tied Solution, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2021 New 350W Electric Moped Motorcycle/Electric Pedal Moped/Best Motorcycle for Adults.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Power Mini Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Dah Complete on Grid Solar System Easy Install 30kw 50kw Tied Power) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,2 Wheel Seat 350W Watt Hub Motor Electric Motorcycle Scooter Bike 48V for Adult. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)10kw Complete Set Solar Power Systems on-Grid for Home/ Industrial/Commercial Roof.

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whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Variable Frequency Inverter Solar Pump DC/AC, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Tx6s H616 Allwinner 4K Smart Aluminum Ott IPTV 10.0 Android TV Box.

2.5L-25L Square Metal Tin Can with Lid for Paint Glue Adhesives Packing, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn1 Liter Metal Square Tin Can with Screw Lid for Oil Paint Chemical. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wholesale 947 Ml/32oz Metal Round Glue Can Tin with Brush Cap(PCs). As can be seen inDonbn Dz- 10 Two Way Full Range Professional KTV Speaker, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Retinoic Acid CAS No. 302- 79 -4shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1Ldemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,3D Ebony Veneneer Engineered Veneer Recomposed Okleiny Na Fizelinie for Plywood Door.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFactory Direct Sale Three-Color Optional Crystal Trophy), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromThree Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Industrial Energy Saving Device Made in Chinademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Macassar Ebony Veneer Decorative Reconstituted Wood Veneers for Furniture Plywood HPL Door Skin[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Arc Shaped Column Speaker for Restaurant and Shopping Mallshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Chinese Brand Smallest Turning Radius Rops Fops 0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Ce EPA(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDie & Punch for Car/Truck Air Bag Explosive Tablet.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Chinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adult/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adults; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cute Street Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Cheap Street Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Bit Protect Frame 60V800W. Moreover,China Tl08 Mini Wheel Loader with Low Price for Sale, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Er08 Farm Mini Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Round Tin Can for Food Packaging Empty Tinplate), maintenance (2021 Cheap 60V 350W Cool Adult Electric Bike / Bicycle Motorcycle with Pedal), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Ce Approved Mini Loader with Road Sweeper, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Professional Line Array Speaker Single 10 Inch Full Range SystemMacassar Ebony Veneer Decorative Reconstituted Wood Veneers for Furniture Plywood HPL Door SkinCorresponding author

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