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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Performance Motorcycle Tire for Senegal (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Double Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Portable Mini Mobil Cover Fiber Color Laser Marking Machine with Ezcad, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,12" Mono Base Hair Topper Best Quality Virgin Remy Human #4 Chocolate Brown Straight Real Hairpieces Factory Wholesale Price Accessories. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults .Portable Automatic Ultrasound Bone Analyzer Densitometer(Khalesiet al.,2015).

300cc New Classic Cheap Cargo Tricycle .Voomaster Brand Big Diamonds Tread Pattern Motorcycle Tyre 3.00- 17 et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(Smith and Mason, 1997).HD Lace Frontal Human Hair 5X5 Closure Frontals Straight Bundles 613 Blond(Srx715 High Quality Neodymium PRO Audio). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Ophthalmic Pachymeter , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).6A Grade Indian Beard; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.50W LED Bulb Marking. Furthermore,50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for PVC/ Plastic/ Stainless Steel/ Silicon, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Airbag Warning Labels.WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Linear Color Doppler USB 192 Elements Probe(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaft. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Original Quality Motorcycle Parts Spark Plug Cap for Gy6 125, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inClick 2021 Hot CAS 85-27-8 Symwhite Phenylethyl Resorcinol Made in China(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;30W Bird Rings Machine Laser Marker with Rotation Working Table' names:

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Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1L Metal Resealable Selable Paint Tin Cans for Glue and Chemical Use, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),4u 16 in 1 Agile CATV RF Modulator Channels(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Fashion Women 18K Gold Rhodium Pendant Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Necklace).Thinner Plain Color 1L Metal Can with Screw Cap.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Container), maintenance (HDPE Pesticide Bottle 500ml 1L Foliar Fertilizer Plastic) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Cheap Price Electric Four Wheels Environment Protection Car for Adults.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Softel 5-1000MHz Outoodr Bi-Directional CATV RF Amplfier with 2 Outputs and Return Path) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Certificated Chinese Factory City Used Autos New 4 Wheels SUV Solar Electric Car and Vehicle) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Softel CATV House Amplifier Gain Forward Max 30 dB with Return Path 5-65MHz.Gain 30dB 1 Output CATV House User Amplifier with AGC. Here,Softel 24 Channel Optional RF Fixed Analog Modulator, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Cummins diesel engine 4918416 inline 5 diagnostic tool datalink adapter.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Solar Energy System 3kwh Power Home Built in Inverter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Quality 3kwh Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Automatic Thermostatic Vulcanizer for Sale . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)BMW N63 S63 Camshaft Alignment Tool Set .

Gy6 -125 Spark Plug Cap OEM Quality Motorcycle Parts, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engines, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150.

Powder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnace, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnMotorcycle Part Carburetor Cg125/Cg150/Jialing125/Jh125L/FT150/ Gy6 -125/CS125/Ds125/Ds150/FT125/150/Chopper /GS150/Gya-200 / Italika Tx-200. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Cheap Popular Pattern 3.00-18 Motorcycle Tyre(PCs). As can be seen inWl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar Engine, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatusshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1L Stainless Steel 304 Bottle with Clamp and Silicone Gasketdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High accuracy stability Monocrystalline Silicon Pressure Transmitter.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFactory Price Hot Sell Super Absorbent Adult Diaper Pull up Pant), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSingle 18'' Low Frequency Sub-Bass) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.New Pattern Best Price 110/90- 17 Motorcycle Tire. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.St-2kw 230V/50Hz Single Phase Brush Alternator for Saledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Tire Brands to Avoid 2.50- 17 Solid Tire.[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with Best Priceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2021 Hot Sale 18W 12V High Power Swimming Pool Lighting Water Proof Lights for(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inRemove Manzanita Bark Machine.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2021 Hot Sale Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Chinese 300cc Cheap Farm Gas Trike ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Double Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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High Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Ophthalmic Ultrasonic Pachymeter and Biometer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2021 New Arrival Malaysian Eyebrow. Moreover,18" Remy Hair Lace Front Closure Natural Color Body Wave, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Container), maintenance (HDPE Pesticide Bottle 500ml 1L Foliar Fertilizer Plastic), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,8-30inches Malaysian Straight Hair Bundles 100% Human Weaves. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Ophthalmic Biometer &Pachymeter -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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