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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Sales 2/3 Sides Seal Food Vacuum Pouches 70micron(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Heat Seal Moisture Proof Cbd Gummies Plastic Food Packaging Candy Bag, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Professional Sound Speaker System Single 10 Inch Mini Passive Line Array Vr10, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional Audio Speaker Single 10 Inch 300W Portable Stage Monitor PS10r2. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker .Professional Audio Speaker System Single 10 Inch Portable Mini Line Array Vr10(Khalesiet al.,2015).

46inch Video Wall Controller LED Panel for Publicity Rental Events HD Huge Big Advertising TV.10'' Neodymium Woofer Professional Loudspeaker with Brown Cone.et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Isoquinoline-5-Sulphonyl Chloride Hydrochloride CAS 105627- 79 -0(Smith and Mason, 1997).PA 10 -25W 4 Inch Sound Ceiling Speaker(300cc Road Legal Ault Street Gas Three Wheel Scooter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Runtz Packaging Mylar Ziplock Food Grade Plastic Zip Lock Bags Stand up Pouch Pet Custom Logo Bag, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Aluminum Foil Plastic Papacking Vacuum Puffed Food Bag; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,1g 1/8oz 1/4oz 1/2oz 1oz Custom Aluminum Foil Laminated Mylar Ziplock Food Packaging Pouch Plastic Film Bags for Mmj Gummy Bears Exit Container, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High bright Samsung 46" 49" 55" LCD video wall screen monitor. Furthermore,Factory Sell 99% Purity Diclofenac Sodium Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-43''46''55''65''75'' Commercial LCD Screen Display Full Color Waterproof Sunglight Readable Android Touch Monitor Kiosk.Kraft Paper &Plastic Foil Laminated Mylar Food Packaging Container(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.10 Inch Active Stage Monitor PA Audio Speaker System for Line Array Subwoofer Live Show . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Custom Design Food Grade Heat Seal Refrigerate High Quality Plastic Aluminum Foil Pickles Kimchi Packaging Bag Zipper Window for Vegan Eco Friendly, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent ' names:

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Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1-Bromo-3, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cinema Hall Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way 250W PC1020(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Long Lasting Scent Musk Perfume with Fast Deliver).Sourcing O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 in Stock Supplier From China.

Pigment

Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Free Standing LCD Advertising Display), maintenance (Top Selling 1) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professoinal Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Professional Audio Speaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Factory Supply High Quality N-Cbz-D-Leucine Powder CAS. 28862- 79 -5 99% Purity) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a 302- 79 -4.Economic Mulifunctional Line Array System Speaker Dual 10 Inch. Here,Single 10inch Two Ways Professional Line Array Loudspeaker Bi AMP B&C Imported Driver with Vk10, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Professional Loudspeaker 10'' Neodymium Magnet.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Kas PRO Top 10inch Line Array Audio Speaker(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Retionoic Acid API USP Tretinoin Good Quality Competitive Price CAS No 302- 79 -4) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Dexketoprofen Trometamol Manufacturer CAS 156604- 79 -4 with Purity 99%. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Sound Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive Line Array Loudspeaker.

LG 46" 49" 55" DVI LED video panel for monitoring, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Retinoic Acid CAS No. 302- 79 -4, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

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whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Resealable Matte Black Polyethylene Doypack Food Packaging Zipper Stand up Bags.

Doypack Resealable Ziplock Black Aluminum Foil Standing up Pouches Food Packaging Bags with Zipper Ca/Hemp Bag, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn2-Way Speaker PS10 for High Quality Stage Monitor. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Professional Line Array Speaker Single 10 Inch Full Range System(PCs). As can be seen in2021 Hot Sale Light Source Be Glued IP68 LED Underwater for Swimming Pool, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way Cinema Hall 250W with PC10190808,96dB 250W AES Professional Full Range Two-Way Speaker Sinlge 10inch KTV Disco Occasion System with Ks10190902(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Gradeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wspvcc Solar PV Connector Mc4 High Effiency IP 67shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while46inch Video Wall Controller LED Panel for Publicity Rental Events HD Huge Big Advertising TVdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Line Array System Single 10 Inch Neodymium Vr10.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTop Quality Concrete Block Making Machine in New Zealand), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFree Clearance Surface Anesthesia of Eyes) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Maunfacturing Price Sealed Food Packaging Vacuum Bag. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Pain Killer 99% Purity Bupivacaine Hydrochloride/Bupivacaine HCl CAS 14252-80-3demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Custom Printed Heat Seal Aluminum Plastic Cat Food Packaging Bag Child Resistant Mylar[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GBshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Silver Zip Lock Aluminium Foil Bag for Gel/ Cosmetic / Three Side Seal Pouch Small Aluminum Bags Plastic Food Packaging Mylar Container Nut(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inP3.9mm Ultra High Definition RGB Video Wall Displays.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].10'' Ferrite Woofer Best Price Loudspeaker/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Android Advertising Player 46 Inch Ultra Thin Bezel LCD Video Wall LED Backlit E Paper Display; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Heat Seal Moisture Proof Cbd Gummies Plastic Food Packaging Candy Bag, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Factory Supply Chlorhexidine Acetate/ Mpb Diacetate /CAS 206986- 79 -0$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Heat Sealing Embossed Plastic Vacuum Packaging Bag for Delicatessen, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Ceftriaxone Sodium 99% API CAS 104376- 79 -6 for Injection Grade. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Pharmaceutical Powder Vitamin a Acid /Retinoic Acid/ Tretinoin for Skin CAS 302- 79 -4. Moreover,Cosmetic Raw Material Powder CAS 20449- 79 -0 Pure Bee Venom/Melittin/Melitten, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Pharmaceutical Chemicals Cefodizime Sodium CAS 86329- 79 -5, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Free Standing LCD Advertising Display), maintenance (Top Selling 1), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Hot Selling Ceftriaxone Sodium CAS 104376- 79 -6 Top Quality), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.99% High Quality Nootropics Drugs Huperzine a 102518- 79 -6 Hupa USA Factory Fast Delivery, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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