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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Electric Motorcycle Cost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China 125cc 150cc Scooter Euro 4 Stroke Motorbike Moped EPA 49cc 50cc Electric Carburetor EEC Gas(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Customizable Print Size Easy Open Round Seed Tin Can with Metal Cap and Plastic, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.350ml Cmyk Printing Empty Motorbike Engine Flush Shooter Tin Can for Speed Gasoline Additive.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

French Hot Sale Huile D'olive Food Grade Packing Olive Oil Tin Can, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,250ml Round Linseed Perilla Seed Oil Tin Can with 28mm Flip Top Cap. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,SGS Food Grade Certification 500ml Tin Containers Olive Oil Can.Wholesale Round Food Packaging Empty Tin Metal Cooking Oil Cans(Khalesiet al.,2015).

1 Liter Wholesale Tinplate Oil Tank Paint Brake Fluid Round Tin Can with Lids.2021 Everun New Design Er408 Small Front End Loader 0.8ton Mini Wheelet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Pharmaceutical Intermediate Bulk Price N- (Smith and Mason, 1997).China Radlader Zl08 Auto 800kg Small Garden New Mine Carregadeira Lown Mower Tractor Front Handle Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin(Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebike). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Chinese Eougem Zl08 Wheel Loader with Torque Converter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Articulated Mini Wheel Loader Er08 Telescopic Boom; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Cable TV Pendoo X99 Max Rk3399 4G 32g Android 7.1 Internet Smart Box with HD Satellite Receiver, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Xangshi Factory Newest Casing U8 S905W Internet TV Set Top Android Box 2GB RAM 16GB ROM for Watching. Furthermore,New Design Go Kart 150cc , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-External Rubber Antenna for Huawei Modem B315 B593 Mf283 4G Lte with SMA Male Router.48V/60V 800W Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.800W 60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Bicycle with Back Rest. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult Motor, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inJarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hot Sale Lady Style 60V 800W 20ah Electric Scooter with USB' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Grid Tied Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw Home Set Solar System

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1kw Solar Power System Grid Tied 1000W on Panel Price, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Commercial Solar System 100kw Grid Tied /on 100kVA 60kw(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Metal Anti-Vandal Design Access Control).Bintangor Okoume Pencil Ceder Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Pumping Jarol 380V 3 Phase 15kw 20HP Frequency Inverter/Converter/Drive with IGBT), maintenance (Hot selling compact 800kgs wheel loader for garden) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Efficiency 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (China Safe Automatic CVT 150cc Go Kart Motor with Reverse) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Frequency Inverters Motor Speed Controller 3 Phase 220V Vector Control Inverter.Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoume. Here,Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From China, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue.

China Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Sale 250ml Small Can of DOT3 Brake Oil Tinplate Packaging, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

150CC Go Kart , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Full Size 150cc Go Kart .

Go Kart , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnEmtpy 250L Round Clutch Brake Fluid Small Can with Plastic Lid. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Euro 5 Loader for Sale(PCs). As can be seen in10 " Inch Speaker System PRO Audio Entertainment Speakers , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Mylar Laminated Ziplock Plastic Stand-up Food Packaging Bag for Nut/Gel/Food/Vitaminshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileInsecticide Deltamethrin powder 5% WP 2.5% ECdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,External 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Dual-Band Small Antenna/Flexible Antenna.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM Metal Hard Enamel Lapel Pin with Own Design), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromColor Custom in-Line Diesel Engine for Generator Sets) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Quality RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light with Two Years Warranty. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.14" to 22' Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheel for KIA Rimsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W for Roof Tile[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality 98% Tretinoin shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light for Intex Pools or Theme(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBlue Bliss Lights.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2021 Hot Sale Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Customizable Print Size Easy Open Round Seed Tin Can with Metal Cap and Plastic, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Grid Tied 100kw 200kw 300kw Solar System, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Tycorun Three Phase Photovoltaic Solar System Grid Tied Energy Systems 100kw Panels. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Factory Direct Sale Grid Tied Solar Power System on 1000wp 5000wp 10000wp for Wholesale. Moreover,Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W 650W, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Pumping Jarol 380V 3 Phase 15kw 20HP Frequency Inverter/Converter/Drive with IGBT), maintenance (Hot selling compact 800kgs wheel loader for garden), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,150cc 4-Stroke), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Market. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800W-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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