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S. Arfania; A.R.Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India PakistanElectric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-P; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.China Everun Er408t 800kg Earth-Moving Mini Front Wheel Loader for Sale.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw.AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kw(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End.Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Playeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle(Smith and Mason, 1997).Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power(Quality Assurance O-Phthalaldehyde). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor. Furthermore,General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader.Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inModern Leisure Sofa Chair Living Room Furniture Lift Reclineable Electric Massage(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2021 New Fashion Women Knitted Long Sleeve Sweater Clothes).High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade), maintenance (Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (3phase VFD) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter.Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning. Here,Universal Vector Inverter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader.

Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail.

0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnOlive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin(PCs). As can be seen inChina Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.10 Inch KTV System Woofershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGuangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleanerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in80LEDs Neon decorative LED tube to make signs), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromJarol Solar Inverter 5.5kw 3 Phase) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Ash Solid Wood decoration Boarddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Metal Tinplate Container Engine Oil Can with Screw Cap[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Dual 12" Subwoofer Speaker Boxshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inKill 99.9% of Germs 75% Alcohol Hand Sanitizer Refeshed with Moisturier.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Citycoco Electric Motorcycle E6 Cheap OEM E Bike/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Euro5. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Retro Scooters, indicated inPlastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycle. Moreover,800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Frequency Converter Special for Driving Asynchronous Motors 380V 50/60Hz, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade), maintenance (Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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