GENERAL PAPERS

Living Room FurnitureCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine200kw Grid Tied Solar System for Factory Use; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Flying Laser Marking System Marker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800W Color Fashion Electric Motorcycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.20W 30W 50W 150X150mm 200X200mm Lens Metal Steel Fiber Laser Machine.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Label Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labels, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Electric Bike 800W ODM Mountain Ebike with Powerful Motor. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Latest Electric Scooter 800W Citycoco.16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive Mixer(Khalesiet al.,2015).

150cc Cheap Open Gas Reverse Trike .Sport Using Motor Vehicle with Sealed Chain Final Driveet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for DV Portable Speaker 12 Inch 1600W Subwoofer Box Audio Professional(Smith and Mason, 1997).GS-a 12mm CATV Fixed RF Attenuator(Professional Sound Speaker System Single 10 Inch Mini Passive Line Array Vr10). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)250cc 150cc China Enclosed Cabin Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle with Cooling Box Container for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Automatic High Effective Medical Ultrasound Bone Densitometer ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,New 50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro 4, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.China 250cc New 3 Wheel Motorcycle Motor Tricycle. Furthermore,3ru 24 in 1 CATV Fixed Channel Modulator , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-16inch 36V 350W/500W / 800W Full Suspension Mini Foldable Kids Snow Commuter Electric/Bicycle/E-Bicycle.Satellite Ts Encryption HD Receiver with Multiplexing Function(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Motor Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo Trike for Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Motorbicycle for Well Done Accessories, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;16 in 1 CATV Modulator Fixed Frequency' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Enclosed Ice Cream Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo with Cooling Box

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,New Racing Motorcycle, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cheap 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle with Box (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (New Types Alloy Forged G80 European Swivel Self-Locking Hook).Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Motorcycle for 1405mm of Wheel Base), maintenance (IN-BA1 Excellent Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Adults and Children from China) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with 2*16dBi Gain for Best Design.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (China Ophthalmic Equipment) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Sale Jincheng Jc200t-8 Scooter Motorcycle with Good Price) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Gas Scooters 2 Stroke Euro 4 125cc Moto Moped Motor EPA 49cc 50cc 150cc EEC Motorcycle Gasoline Scooter.Best Selling Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner Full Digital Touch Screen. Here,Ho-100 Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Pachymeter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Sy-AC51 Best Price 128 Elements Wireless Probe with Color Doppler.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Innopack 1L Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1L Round Tin Pail with Sealed Lid and Plastic Handle for Paint Use) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,5GHz Antenna High Gain 29dBi. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 2.4G Network System.

Sector Antenna 5GHz, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Mini Wheel Loader Small Dumper Hoflader Wolf Zl08, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

2.4G- 5GHz Fiberglass Omni Antenna with 8dBi Gain WLAN/WiFi, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 11dBi.

2.4- 5GHz Omni Antenna , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnE-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 29.5-25. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).1L Tin Can for Oil(PCs). As can be seen inPolyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pumpshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChild Resistant Stand up Exit Bagdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Wholesale China High Quality OTR Tyre 17.5-25 G2 Pattern..

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inP265gh P355gh 16mn9 Pressure container boiler and steel plate), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChina Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Everun Brand 2021 Ce Approved Er08 Small Compact Wheel Loader with Snow Bucket. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Water Cooled Cylinder Diesel Engine Used for Generator Setdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,2021 New Model 125cc 150cc Ce Approval off Road ATV[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.800kg China Small Front High Quality Wheel Loader for Sale in Europeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 18.00-25(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Performance Nu2209.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Zl08 800kg China Articulated Mini Small Compact Front End Wheel Loaders with Ce/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Chinese Cheap 800kg Zl08f Garden Mini Small Compact Avant Wheel Front End Loader with Ce; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,800W Color Fashion Electric Motorcycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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1167 Single Phase 3 110V/220V/380vgrid- Tied Inverter for Residential or Commercial Application 3kw-80kw$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.L5 Nylon Mining Loader OTR Tyre 20.5-25 off-The-Road Tire, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Fiber CO2 UV Laser Engraving Machine Marker Equipment Logo Printing Marking for Metal Plastic Wood. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Lithium Polymer Battery Mica 3.7V Mc602540 550mAh Li Pack for Electronic Device. Moreover,New Model High Quality 4 Stroke LED Efi 50cc 100cc 110cc Gasoline Scooter Gas Moped Super Soco Bike Mini, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Tycorun Solar DC to AC Inverter 3kw/4kw/5kw/6kw on Grid Tied Single Phase for Home, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Motorcycle for 1405mm of Wheel Base), maintenance (IN-BA1 Excellent Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Adults and Children from China), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,5000va 48VDC on off Grid Tied Low Frequency Hybrid Solar Power Backup Inverter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Eougem Mini 0.8 Ton Front End Loader of Good Quality 25kw, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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