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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining RepairingCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Jwell PE 8000mm Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Membrance Roll  Sheet Extrusion Line Making MachineAndroid Smart TV Set Top Box 7.1 Quad Core; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Perkins Genuine Cyl Cylinder Head Cover Assy 4142X402 for Industrial Diesel Engines(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effect, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

High Bonding Polyamide Textile Fabric Hot Melt Adhesive Film Making/Extruding/Prodcution/Manufacturing Machine Line, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9315n Multicolor Interference Effect. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Jwell PLA Pet Plastic Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8867n Multicolor Metal Effect(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Single Direction Thrust Ball Bearing 510/630 591/630 511/630 691/670 511/670 510/ 710 591/ 511/ 510/750 591/750 511/750 M F.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Blueet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped(Smith and Mason, 1997).Powerful Cheap Mountain Bike Bicycle(Steel Circle for PA Speaker Parts 16*3h ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Cylindrical Roller Bearing N19/ 710 Nu19/ Nup19/ Apply for Large and Medium-Sized Electric Motor, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Polyamide Resin Hot Melt Adhesive; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Polyamide Resin, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Co-Soluble Polyamide Resin with Top Quality. Furthermore,Alcohol Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Popular Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Gravure Ink.Polyamide Resin with Benzene Soluble for Printing Inks(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Supply Rosin Modified Polyamide Resin for Paint, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBleached Poplar/Birch Carb Plywood(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Farwell P-Hydroxy Benzaldehyde with High Purity 99.5%' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,100% Purity Phenol Polyamide Resin

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Polyamide Resin, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Water Waste Landfill Industrial Aquaculture and Mining Project Geomembrane Liner Extruder Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (1000L Stainless Steel 304 Milk Cooling Tank Small Farm Cow Tank/Milk Cooler).Hot Sale Hy-688 Polyamide Resin.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (100% High Purity Polyamide Resin for Ink), maintenance (Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Electrics Packing) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Polyamide Resin.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Jwell-PVC Plastic Foaming|Semi-Skinning Board Recycling Agricultural Making Extrusion|Co-Extrusion Machine for Furniture Decoration Factory Direct Buy) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Geomembrane Making Machine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Spoke Wheel 26-Inch 21-Speed Top with Bicycle.26 Inch Mountain Bike From China Bicycle. Here,PE Waterproof Roll Extrusion Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-PE Extra-Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.PE Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-6speed 20inch Wheel Aluminum Alloy Folding Mountain Bike) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Bike Hidden Folding Mountain Ebike Suspension Bicycle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Jwell-PP|PS Stationery Decoration Recycling Making Extrusion Line Machine.

Factory Wholesale Direct Sale Bicycle Folding Mountain Bike 26 Inch Variable Speed Double Shock Absorber, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Sale Am 20 "Mountain Bike with 21 Speeds, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect Paints, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Adult Foldable Fold Road Bike MTB Mountain Bicycle Sdc -902.

Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnIron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feeds. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Cosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturer(PCs). As can be seen inAutomatic Pure/Mineral Bottle Water Packing Machine , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Skin Renew Thermal RF & Fractional 2 in 1 Machineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileNordic-Style Latex Three-Person Fabric Sofa Small Household Removable Modern Simple Living Roomdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Dimer Acid Liquid for Monthly Output 5000mt Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHD Outdoor P4 P3 P5 P3.91 P4.81 P6 P8 P10 Indoor P1.25 P1.5 P1.87 P1.92 Curved Digital Flexible Rental Advertising Billboards Video Wall LED Display Screens), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGood Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Purity 2. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sale China Best Price of Solvent Base Liquid Polyurethane Resin for Foam[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Purity Valerophenone 1-Phenylpentan-1-One CAS 1009-14-9shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.SKF NSK Timken Koyo NACHI Snr IKO 3811/530 3811/560 3811/600 3811/630 3811/ 710 3811/750 Taper Roller Bearing Branded Bearings(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in4 FT Spindle-Less Wood Peeling Machine for Plywood.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Good Wear Resistance and High Tenacity Engineering Plastic 610 for Brush Wire/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.OLED Intermediates 2-; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effect, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Zys Hot Sale Wind Turbine Bearing 010.30.560/630/ 710. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning, indicated in2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

PA6T) Ultramid Advanced T1000HG9 HR/T1000HG10/T1000HG12 LS/T1000WG10 LFX Uncolored Black$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Dust Collector Machine Wood, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)CAS No: 67700-43-0 Esters Soluble Liquid PU Polyurethane Resin for Inks. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Adhesion Polyurethane PU Resin for Printing Ink. Moreover,Air Dirt Ash Powder Dust Remover Separator Deparator Precipitator Catcher Filter Collector for Cement Silo, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Top Selling Polyurethane Adhesive Resin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (100% High Purity Polyamide Resin for Ink), maintenance (Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Electrics Packing), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Jwell PLA Pet Sheet Cup Packing Making Extrusion Line Machine), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.PA Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Jwell-PLA Pet Sheet Recycling Cup Packing Making Extrusion Machine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machine-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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