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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Factory Supply Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7 with Fast Delivery(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,99% Purity 1-Bromo-3, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Pharmaceutical Intermediate 1.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde / Phthalaldehyde with Best Price, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Supply  2-Phenylbenzimidazole  CAS 716- 79 -0 with Best Price. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8.99% Assay High Purity Ribociclib Succinate Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with CAS 1374639- 79 -8(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 702- 79 -4 99% Pure 1.Dimethylthiotoluene Diamineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Zys Hot Sale Wind Turbine Bearing 010.30.560/630/ 710(Smith and Mason, 1997).Professional Digital Audio Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Active(Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Blue Star 21%). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)10 Inch Sound System Speaker Box China Line Array Audio Systems, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Sulfasalazine CAS No. 599- 79 -1; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Double 10'' Compact Line Array, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Karaoke System 10 Inch Sound Speaker Cvr Professional Audio. Furthermore,2 X HDMI, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-L10/83267-Professional Audio 10 Inch Coaxial Speaker.Single 10 " Waterproof Polyurea Active Line Array Speaker Systems(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Airtight Child Pop up Squeeze Plastic Stand Flat Bottom Pet Cat Food Packaging Bag. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Two-Way Single 10 " Professional Waterproof Speaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPA Speaker Dual 18" Subwoofer System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional 8 Mono+2 Stereo 10 Channel DSP Audio Mixer with 48V Phamton Power Supply' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Kas Professional Dual 15 Inch Subwoofer 10 Line Array Speaker

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Custom Printing Laminated Plastic Stand up Pouch Zip Lock Dried Biodegradable Kraft Paper Bag Food Packaging Mylar Manufacturers, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cheap Stage Speaker Design for PA System 200W(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (37.25-35 Tubeless E3/L3 Pattern Taishan Brand Tyre for Mine and Quarry Usage).Pharmaceutical Raw Material CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Line Arrays Speaker Dual 10 Inch Powered Sound system), maintenance (8 Side Seal Rice Bag/Flat Bottom Pouch/Flat Plastic Bag for Pet Dog Cat Food Packaging) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Dual 10inch 3 Way Professional Stage Line Array Speaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Top Quality Pharmaceutical Chemical 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 Prevent Plant Diseases with Good Price) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Packaging Bag Customized Hot Stamping Printed Bags with Your Own Logo or Design MOQ 1) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Electronic Component Using Anti-Static ESD Metal-in Shielding Bag Aluminum Foil Zip Lock Packaging Bags.Factory Supply CAS 79 // 03 //8 Safe Shipment High Purity. Here,Suking Hot Selling Chemical Product , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-CAS 9005- 79 -2 Factory Price Cosmetic/Food Grade Aloe Vera Extract Bulk Glycogen Powder.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Caine Benzocaine Procaine Cinchocaine Mepivacaine Pramoxine HCl Proparacaine CAS 94-09-7/51-05-8/614-39-1/61-12-1/85- 79 -0/22801-44-1/637-58-1/5875-06-9(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Pharma Intermediate Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Food Packaging Bag. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)B&C Kas 10 Inch Subwoofer Sound System Line Array Box Bass PRO Speaker.

PRO Audio Double 10 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Kraft Paper / Matte Glossy Finish Pouch with Foil Lined Hot Sale Cheap Wholesale Item Wire Stock Storage Bags, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Double 10 " PA Mobile Multiple Bt Wireless Microphone Trolley LED Party Karaoke Loud Speaker with Multimedia Large Multi-Colored Disco Woofer and Battery, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,All Trans Retinoic Acid 99.5% 100g Bag High Crystal CAS: 302- 79 -4.

Line Array Speaker PRO Audio System 10'' Neodymium Loudspeaker, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnProfessional Audio Speaker System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Big Line Array Vr36. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Professional Line Array System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive(PCs). As can be seen inFarwell P-Hydroxy Benzaldehyde with High Purity 99.5%, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphone,Dare 10inch Passive Line Array Sound System(CSFM) is presented here as an example.E-Scooter Electric Motorcycle Manufacture/Electric Adult off Road E-Motorcycle 800Willustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.18watt Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp with Two Years Warrantyshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileArticulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loaderdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Printed Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbag.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inUltra-Comfort Leakguard Prevention Disposable Baby Diaper), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPortable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Number 20W Color Marker Steel) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speaker. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Low Price 4demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Heat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bag[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kwshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Quality Chemical Product Antioxidant Irganox 1076 CAS 2082- 79 -3(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPoland Flag Pattern Back Hard Protective Cover Case Shell for iPhone.

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Cost model for variable-Manufacturer Supply 1

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Single 10 Inch Top Line Array Passive Audio Speaker PA System Suited to 500-1500 People/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.99% Glycolic Acid Powder CAS 79 -14-1; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,99% Purity 1-Bromo-3, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

5f-Pcn CAS No. 1445579- 79 -2 in Stock. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Ortho Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde, indicated inKaraoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker Box, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Supply 99% Purity 3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Plastic Pouch, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Line Array 10'' Neodymiun PRO Audio Woofer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn529. Moreover,CAS: 702- 79 -4; 1, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Dual 10 " Battery Powered Portable PA Bluetooth Party Mobile Trolley Music Speaker with LED Disco Ball Karaoke Dance Sound Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Line Arrays Speaker Dual 10 Inch Powered Sound system), maintenance (8 Side Seal Rice Bag/Flat Bottom Pouch/Flat Plastic Bag for Pet Dog Cat Food Packaging), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Line Array System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Loudspeaker 10'' Midrange & Bass, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Line Array Vr10. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Dual 10 " Hot Sales Q1 Line Array Speaker-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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