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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot selling compact 800kgs wheel loader for garden(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Efficiency 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Safe Automatic CVT 150cc Go Kart Motor with Reverse.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

3 Phase VFD Vector AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Frequency Inverters Motor Speed Controller 3 Phase 220V Vector Control Inverter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoume.Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From China(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Euro 5 Loader for Sale, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;0.8 Ton Chinese Low Cost High Quality Hydraulic Wheel Loader' names:

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Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W for Roof Tile, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light for Intex Pools or Theme(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Rubber Chemicals Additives Accelerator Tmtd).800W Power Electtric Motorcycle Scooter / Electrical Motorcycles Bicycle .

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2021 Hot Sale Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty), maintenance (High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Hot Selling A5X Max Rk3328 4GB 32GB Android TV Box 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet Set Top.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Topleo I96 King 1GB/2GB RAM Smart Android 7.1 Quad Core Internet 4K Ultra HD Support TV Box) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Grid Tied 100kw 200kw 300kw Solar System.Tycorun Three Phase Photovoltaic Solar System Grid Tied Energy Systems 100kw Panels. Here,Factory Direct Sale Grid Tied Solar Power System on 1000wp 5000wp 10000wp for Wholesale, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W 650W.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-150cc 4-Stroke) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Outdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hot Sale Popular Model 60V 800W Electric Motorcycle for India Market.

Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800W, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antenna, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Mimo Antenna 5150MHz~5850MHz WiFi Panel.

5GHz 20dBi Panel WiFi Antenna, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFast Ship 800W 1000W 1200W 60V 72V 20ah Battery Electric Motorcycle From China. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hot Sale 2.4/ 5GHz 9dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna(PCs). As can be seen inChina Factoty Supply Levamisole HCl CAS16595-80-5 Hydrochloride Tetramisole, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscapingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePlastic Products Virgin Granules Raw Material Light Blue Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Electrical Partsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Guangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleaner.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHDG Carbon Steel U. S. Type Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip for Slings), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFrequency Converter 50HP Three Phases) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Buy Food Grade Metal Material Empty Cans for 0.5-2.5L. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage Displaydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sale 301 401 Easy Opening Seal Can Round Empty Tin with Metal Caps[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.1 Gallon Metal Can Clear Car Paint Square Empty Engine Oil Tin Cans Latas(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNew Style Aztec Webbing or Tassel.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Central Hole 68mm 10X5.5'' Mild Steel ATV Wheel Rim/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Alloy Wheels ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Efficiency 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood. Moreover,Retro Electric Motorcycle Scooter , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Carb Approved Birch Plywood, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2021 Hot Sale Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty), maintenance (High Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Low Power Elevator Inverter 12kw with Controller), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,1.5kw 220V Frequency Converter Single Phase 380 3. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Carb Approved Birch Plywood-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

References

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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Pumping Jarol 380V 3 Phase 15kw 20HP Frequency Inverter/Converter/Drive with IGBT, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-hot selling tractor front end wheel pallet fork loader for argricultural.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108.         [10xt High-End PRO Audio Stage Monitor 10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Box]

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Lashgari, A.Carb Bleach White Poplar Plywood LVL 12mm 18mm, A.R. 2013.Warm White IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted 18watt LED Swimming Pool Light,Wolf Loader Wl80 Zl08 Radlader Mini Wheel,vol. 23. pp. 441-446.         [Red Glazed Square Bottom Ceramic Coffee Mug with Long Handle]

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Mular, A.L. 1982.UV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory.17 Inch 18 Aftermarket New Design Aluminum Car Alloy Rim.China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loader, Montreal. 265 pp.         [Gy6 150cc EEC Scooter]

Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Digital ATSC Receiver Internet TV Set Top Box.Vimode Buy 2021 Newest 48V Electric Motorcycles Made in China 800W.China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loader, Montreal. 319 pp.         [Safe Shipping Sarms Powder ACP-105]

Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.High Quality Aluminum Alloy Wheels Rims.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575.         [PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/UPVC Production Line/Plastic PVC/UPVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line]

Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Truck Rim Steel Polished 17.5 Inch Wheel.Sunpal 150kw Solar Grid Tied System Low Price, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp.         [2021 New Model 125cc 150cc Ce Approval off Road ATV]

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Prasad, L. 1969.Tubeless Steel Wheel .Home Application on Grid Tied Solar Power System 3kw, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15.         [OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag]

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New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385.         [1 Year Warranty 20tpd Parboiled White Rice Mill Plant]

New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding, A.R., Khalesi, M.R., and Khosfarman, M. 2014. A parametric cost model for mineral grinding mills.Minerals Engineering,vol. 55. pp. 96-102.         [Carb P2 AA/Bb Grade Birch/Okoume/Bintangor/Poplar Plywood]

Smith, A.E. and Mason, A.K. 1997. Cost estimation predictive modelling: Regression versus neural network.The Engineering Economist,vol. 42, no. 2. pp. 137-161.         [Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle]

Stebbins, S.A. 1987. Cost estimation handbook for small placer mines.Information Circular9170, 94. US Bureau of Mines.         [Electric Scooter with Anti-Theft Motor Lock ]

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USBM. 1987.2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports,5GHz Antenna High Gain 32dBi-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [GLS A60 B22 Red Colour LED Filament Bulb / Lamp Light Lighting Dimmable]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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