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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricant(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Electric Motorcycle .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

EEC Electric Scooter , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm.Electric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike (Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Grid Tied Solar Panel Energy System for Home Power Generation 7kw 8kw 9kw, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMag City Scooter 80km Range Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Eucalyptus Core or Birch for Veneer with Grade AA' names:

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Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Eougem CE 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Mini Radlader Zl08, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Wolf 0.8t 800kg Mini Loader with Euro 3 Engine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Cold Rolled SPCC Spcd Flat Steel Coated Plate).500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter), maintenance (2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Best Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1L Beer Can) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Quality Electric Scooter Factory.Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults. Here,1L Panit Can, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados.

China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator.

0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof(PCs). As can be seen inManufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Blueshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAmerican Walnut Single Crown Cut Veneer Recon Engineered for Door Furniture Plywooddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMoving Semi Automatic Brick Making Machine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAntique Design Rustic Style Furniture Nature Oak and Dark Grey Linen Shakable Leisure Sofa Chair) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.26 Inch Mountain Bike From China Bicycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprostshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in20" 24" 28" 3PCS Set Light Weight Luggage with Tsa Lock.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Mxq 4K PRO Allwinner H3 Quad 7.1 1GB RAM 8GB ROM H. 265 3D Android Media TV Box/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter. Moreover,2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter), maintenance (2021 New Type Fashionable Chinese Supplier Brushless Max Speed 35km/H 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Mohutsiwa, M. and Musingwini, C. 2015. Parametric estimation of capital costs for establishing a coal mine: South Africa case study.2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters,vol. 115. pp. 789-797.         [High accuracy stability Monocrystalline Silicon Pressure Transmitter]

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Mular, A.L. 1982.2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter.Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce.Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini, Montreal. 265 pp.         [High Quality Radio Frequency Aesthetic Equipment]

Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service.Wolf Shovel Loader E5 for Agriculture Work.Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini, Montreal. 319 pp.         [Pharmaceutical Intermediate 1]

Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Fast Delivery 2 Wheel Lithium Battery Electric Bike Lady Bicycle Motorcycle in Stock.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575.         [55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayer]

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Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Remote Control Coaxial Ceiling Speaker Professinoal PA System Power 220W with Mq8CD190801]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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