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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powder.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Master Batch Organic Colors. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Orange Color Masterbatch.Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch.Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Moldinget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Price Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader(Smith and Mason, 1997).Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid(15kw Solar Inverter Grid Tied). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery. Furthermore,Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality.Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Best Price Bulk Powder Retinyl Palmitate 79 -81-2. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Nutrition Enhancer Hot Selling High Quality N-Glycyl-L-Tyrosine Powder CAS 658- 79 -7 White with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBest Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Tws Bluetooth Earphones with Charging Cases Wireless 5.0 Earbuds Headphones for iPhone, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150sn902(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Quality Hardware DIN929 Customized Hex Nut Weld).Tws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Black.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (3D Stereo Sound Mini Headphone Built in Microphone & Dual Speakers for Phone Calls), maintenance (New Products Charging Case Mini Small Headphones Tws Earbuds Wireless 2021) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Transparent Nylon 12 Resin Raw Material Polyamide Granules.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (PA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide Price) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules.Nylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame. Here,Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Raw Material Plastic Resin Pellets Polyamide PA12 Medical Grade Transparent Nylon Granules.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Grade(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Transparent Nylon Grilamid PA -7290 Material a Kind of Amorphous PA12.

Ce Certification Plastic Water Bottle Use Yellow Masterbatch, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Sliding Mechanism, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Hot Selling PP PE Masterbatch Yellow, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Professional Carbon Black Masterbatch Factory for Rubbish Bag.

PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnSample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4(PCs). As can be seen inNew Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1020, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4,Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate (CSFM) is presented here as an example.10 Inch High Quality PA Speaker 10tbx100illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Residential Grid Tied 6kw Solar Power System for Homeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Partsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Customized Aluminum Precision CNC Machining Parts), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFeiyang/Temeisheng 10 Inch Professional DJ Wooden Speaker Audio Gd10-02) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Q1+Q Sub Sound & Light Installation High Performance in Concert Eventdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Custom Printed Clear Aligners Mylar Matte Food Packaging Bags with One Side Transparent Reusable Zipper Retainers Flat Three Sealing Containershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustomized Logo Amazon 14oz 30oz Stainless Steel Insulated Yetis Tumbler with Handle.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655, indicated inFactory-White Engineer Veneer Big Size 1300X3300X0.30mm 0.40mm 0.50mm, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube. Moreover,Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coils, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (3D Stereo Sound Mini Headphone Built in Microphone & Dual Speakers for Phone Calls), maintenance (New Products Charging Case Mini Small Headphones Tws Earbuds Wireless 2021), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Stainless Steel 17-4pH . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Alloy Ldx 2101 Uns S32101 Stainless Steel Plate-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

References

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla153p2189Beverage Water Packing Equipment Corresponding author