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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.White Birch Veneer in 0.28mm/Jacky(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysia, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Factory-Hardwood Veneer in 1300X2500mmx 0.60mm.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Yn725 G Ce Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Variable Frequency Drive VFD Supplier AC Converter 50Hz to 60Hz with Vector Control. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Zl08 Payloader 0.8 Ton Min Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Wheel Loader.0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe(Khalesiet al.,2015).

4 Kw China Frequency Converter Power Supply Motor Drive 3 Phase Inverter.11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Poweret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box(Smith and Mason, 1997).Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Front Loader(Small Variable-Frequency Drive ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).JAC300 Series Frequency Converter Three Phase Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Km3 Collective 4GB 64GB TV Box Google Certified ATV. Furthermore,China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Natural Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets Comaccord.High Quality Ebony Engineered Wood Veneer for Hot Sale(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China Manufacturer Decorative Engineered Wood Veneer. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inElectricity Power Reducer (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to India' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Cararra Polished Surfaces Engineered Quartz Stone Slab with NSF SGS Certification for Countertop).AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kw.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End), maintenance (Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control.Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor. Here,General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor.

Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.

E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price(PCs). As can be seen in98dB 250W Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Speaker Two-Way Inside Amplifier Line Array System with Vs10190905, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.N- shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileOffset Quadrant Enclosure Bath Room Tempered Glass Shower Cabin Cubiclesdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustom Made Glass Beverage Bottle with Printing), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWater Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.3phase VFD. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Top Quality Pharmaceutical Chemical 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 Prevent Plant Diseases with Good Pricedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMWshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNew Design&Technical System Solar Garden Moon Type Light.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Frequency Inverter 220V 50/60Hz 60HP Three Phases Acdrive/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysia, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover. Moreover,15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End), maintenance (Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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