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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

Multi Birch Veneer Plywood ManufacturerCost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Kinetin; CAS No: 525- 79 -1; 6-Furfurylaminopurine; 6-Kt(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Good Quality CAS: 97240- 79 -4 Topiramate Powder Price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Purity 99% Intermediate 1.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Yinherb Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 977- 79 -7 Medrogestone Powder, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality Tretinoin with Good Price . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cosmetic Raw Material CAS 20449- 79 -0 Extract Powder Bee Venom Melittin.Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755(Khalesiet al.,2015).

High Purity Organic Intermediate  1.Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Engineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 0.8t 800kg Small Loader(Smith and Mason, 1997).Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control(Weight Loss Raw Powder Rimonabant with Good Effects 168273-06-1). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Engine Interface Model Eim 630-465 630-466 630-088 Olympian Massey Module Replace Fg Wilson Speed Controller 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Diesel Engine Set Wilson Parts Eim Module Interface C3.3 C4.4 Motorcycle Generator Auto Spare 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,5kw 10kw Stc Three Phase AC Synchronous 15kw Brush Alternator, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Replace Fg Wilson Engine Interface Module Eim Plus Basic 258 -9755 -9753. Furthermore,Engine Controller Model Eim Basic 258 -9756, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Generator Parts Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755.Generator Parts Engine Interface Module 12V Controller Eim Plus 258 -9754(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.100% Copper Wire St Series Single Phase Generator / Alternator . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Supplier 1, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHot selling compact 800kgs wheel loader for garden(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;100% Copper Wire Stc Series Three Phase AC Dynamo/Generator /  Alternator ' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 10 Inch Neodymium Woofer with Wooden Box.

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,7.5kVA St Series Single Phase Generator , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Wholesale 8inch 10inch 12 Inch 15inch DJ Speakers Professional Stage Audio(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (FDA Approval Neon Nail Polish).2 Way Passive 10 " Professional PRO Audio PA Line Array.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator ), maintenance (China Factory Price CAS 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a Powder) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (CAS: 74- 79 -3 Amino Acid L-Arginine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Glycolic Acid Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 /a-Hydroxyacetic) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.St-10kw/kVA Single Phase Brush Type Electric Generator.Stc-50kw/62.5kVA Three Phase AC Brush Alternator for Diesel Generator. Here,Veterinary Use Bulk Pirce of Oxytetracycline CAS: 79 -57-2, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-100% Copper Wire St-7.5kw Single Phase Alternator Factory Price.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.100% Copper Wire St-5kw Single Phase Brush Generator(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Home Theater Speaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Dual 6" Coaxial Full Range Speaker for Entertainment Room. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)12inch Stage Monitor Speaker.

KTV Single 8" Full Range Audio&Sets, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (St-2kw 230V/50Hz Single Phase Brush Alternator for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Stc-12kw/15kVA Three Phase AC Electric Generator on Sale, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,St 5kw Single Phase AC Electric Alternator Generator.

Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn258 -9754 Electric Engine Interface Moudle 12V Eim Basic. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).12inch Loudspeakers Professional Stage Outdoor Speaker Full Range Audio(PCs). As can be seen inFast Delivery 1-Bromo-3 5-Dimethyladamantane CAS 941-37-7/941 37 7/941377/702- 79 -4/702 4/702794, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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55 Inch Outdoor Double-Side LCD Display Self Service Airport Kiosk Touch Screen Multimedia Information,New Brand Diesel Engine with Four Stroke Multy-Cylinder Used for Generator Set(CSFM) is presented here as an example.HDPE PE PPR Pipe Making Machineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Big Outdoor Sound Equipment Active Dual 8" Line Array Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSingle 15'' Sub Bass to U Series Full Range Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,LCD Digital Signage 21.5 Inch Automatic Induction Hand Sanitizer Billboards.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inQuick Build Industrial Steel Structure Metal Storage Frame Warehouse), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAmlogic S905X3 X96 Air 2g 16g Android 9.0 Media Player) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Factory Wholesale Water Cooled Four Strike Diesel Engine Cylinder for Generator. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Mini Loader/Small Wheel Loader Zl08 with CEdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,10 " Woofer Speaker[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Wear-Resistant PU O Ringshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Brightness Stand Alone Advertising Kiosk for Government(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAcrylic Free Standing Bathtub Bath Manufacturer.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Speed 258kw 6 Cylinder Industrial Diesel Engine for Electric/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Good Quality CAS: 97240- 79 -4 Topiramate Powder Price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Direct Injection Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder 4-Stroke Used for Electric Generator Sets$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Nitrogen Fertilizers Agriculture N20.5% Granular Ammonium Sulphate, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)China Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Quality. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.White Crystalline Ammonium Sulphate for Compound Fertilizer. Moreover,Deisel Engine for Silent Power Generator with 6-Cylinder, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (in Line Multy-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Power Generator Set, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator ), maintenance (China Factory Price CAS 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a Powder), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.in Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Gensets. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.6-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Four-Strke for Silent Generator Set-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Diesel Engine Eim630-465 12V Eim630-466 24V 258 -9755 PCB650-091 650-092 Generator PCB Controller Panel Circuit Board Interface Module Speed, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Water Cooled Cylinder Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108.         [Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection]

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Mular, A.L. 1982.Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Stroke.Ammonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+Capro.Factory Price Ammonium Sulfate for Crystal Compound Fertilizer, Montreal. 265 pp.         [Samll EPA 0.8ton Tractor Loader]

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St-2kw 230V/50Hz Single Phase Brush Alternator for Sale, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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