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Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine PackagingCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/InverterRemote Control Coaxial Ceiling Speaker Professinoal PA System Power 220W with Mq8CD190801; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies.Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch.Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch Professional DSP Active Line Array(Smith and Mason, 1997).Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle(12V DC/AC 18W/24/30W/40W/55W Resin Filled PAR56 Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with 2 Years Warranty). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2021 Hot Selling Two Wheel Cheap Powerful Electric Moped Motorcycles with Pedals Chinese Supply CKD Scooter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Titan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce. Furthermore,Zl08 0.8 Ton Garden Tractor Pay Loader 800kg Mini, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service.Wolf Shovel Loader E5 for Agriculture Work(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Fast Delivery 2 Wheel Lithium Battery Electric Bike Lady Bicycle Motorcycle in Stock. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Loader with Bucket, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in1L Rectangular Olive Oil Tin 1800ml Packaging with Imported Plastic Spout Guangdong(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Everun Er408 800kg Construction Equipment Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Box

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Profit Margin Long Lasting Soak off Nail Polish).Dyed Natural Wood Veneer Oak Crown Cut for Hotel Decoration Shop Wall Kitchen Cabinet.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction), maintenance (The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furniture.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale Commercial) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Windows Mini PC Pipo X10 PRO Z8350 Chipset Smart TV Box Android 5.1 4G RAM 64G ROM.5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle. Here,2 Liter Square Small Metal Tin Can for Paint with Handle and Lid, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-502 Alicosolar High Quality 30kw on Grid Solar System 30000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2382 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-HK1 Smart TV Box Amlogic S905W Android 7.1 Quad Core 2GB 16GB) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Innopack 5L Paint Engine Oil Tin Can with Plastic Handle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Innopack Food Grade Metal Tin Can for Edible Cooking Oil in Low Price.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Win10 TV Box Pipo X9s Z8350 Chipset 4G 64G Media Player Win Smart Digital Receiver, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Variable Speed Inverter China Frequency Converter AC.

Natural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn458 Alicosolar High Efficiency 10kw on Grid Solar System Kit Home with CE/TUV/ISO for Use. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).5kw Single Phase Home Grid Tied Solar Power System(PCs). As can be seen inChina Hot Selling 1500cc Amphibious Watercraft, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Zl08f Titanhi 800kg Mini Hydraulic Shovel Wheel Loader with Ceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbersdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Rosen 55kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSlim Business Laptop Backpack USB Anti Thief Water Resistant Travel Tear Computer), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMaster Batch Organic Colors) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Cheap Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah for Adult From China. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.PA Speaker Steel Back Plate demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Luxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Convertershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From China(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in12V/24V Neon LED with Colorful PVC Cover.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Three Phase 220V Frequency Converter with Vector Control/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Factory Price Wholesale 4oz-32oz Empty PVC Glue Tin Can with Brush$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Okoume Veneer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Luneng Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Chinese Factory Tin Can with Brush for Glue and Sealants Adgesives. Moreover,Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Caviar Tin Can Packaging Box Food, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction), maintenance (The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Square Tin with Airtight Lever Lid for Tea), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Hot Sale Factory Direct Easy Open Tin Can for Food Cannery, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,968 Solar 30kw 40kw on Grid Tie Power System for Factory Roof. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.0.15mm Rosewood Veneer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Fatory Supply Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Optical Power Adjustable Corresponding author