China Wolf Wl80 Articulated Mini Loader

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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
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J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free SoftwareCost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.FPM FKM Viton EPDM SBR Cr Silicone NBR Rubber Parts(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Gt1541V 704765-0003/708450-0018 Turbine Wheel Shaft for 700960-0011, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Gt1544sm 733783-5007s Turbo for Volkswagen Fox 1.4L Tdi Engine Bnm.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin a, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Gym Rubber Flooring Floor Mat Roll.Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Gt1749V .2004-10 for Volkswagenet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Love Seat King Throne Queen Chair for Wedding/Banquet/Hotel/Restaurant/Hall/Event(Smith and Mason, 1997).Borg Warner BV45 Turbo 5303-988-0337 Core Chra for Nissan(38mm 42mm CATV Plug in 0~20dB Hfc Attenuator Pad). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)T250-04 452055-5004s Turbocharger for Gemini III Engine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Gt3776D 466819-5004s 1823560c92 Turbo for Ford F650 Navistar, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Gt1749vk 798015-0002 A6710900380 Turbo for Ssang-Yong Korando C200 2.0 D20dtf Engine. Furthermore,Gt1544V 740611-5002s 28201-2A400 Turbo for Hyundai Verna, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Aftermarket BV45 53039880337 Turbocharger for 2010-12 Nissan Pathfinder Navara Engine.Factory Supply Glycyl-L-Tyrosine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS 443- 79 -8. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Glycyl- L-Tyrosine; 658- 79 -7, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTitan OEM New Type Qingzhou Loadefr Factory RC Avant Mini Wheel Loaders with Ce(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;L-Pyroglutamic Acid' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Centella Asiatica Extract 99% Asiaticoside 16830-15-2

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Crovell Supply Raw Material CAS 104-29-0 Chlorphenesin for Cosmetic, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Food Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Glitter/ Shiny Synthetic Leather).Polyethylene Green Color Masterbatch.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Pipe Bevelling Machine ), maintenance (ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Green Plastic Masterbatch Blowing Film Grade.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Green Color HDPE Masterbatch) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Blue Masterbatch for Film) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch.Yellow HDPE Masterbatch. Here,Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Act Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 Cylinders(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Act MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switch) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensors. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit.

Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kits, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence.

Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFactory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Plastic Green Color Masterbatch(PCs). As can be seen inCustomized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail,L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System(CSFM) is presented here as an example.10W 4" Inchs LED Dimmable Downlight for Roomillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Driveshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFactory Supply Disodium Phosphate Food Gradedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFinal Drive Motor for 25t Crawler Excavator Sumitomo Sh200-3), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDisodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powder. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.1800W 103dB Bass Professional Passive Subwoofer Dual 18inch with Wa21820demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.25kw engine garden/farm/ construction 0.8ton front end backhoe wheel loadershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Master Batch Organic Colors(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Gold Pilot Wing Badges.

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Cost model for variable-Orange Color Masterbatch

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Gt1541V 704765-0003/708450-0018 Turbine Wheel Shaft for 700960-0011, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery. Moreover,Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Pipe Bevelling Machine ), maintenance (ISO Certificated Company Supply Skin Whitening Retinoic Acid Powder), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Best Price Bulk Powder Retinyl Palmitate 79 -81-2, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Nutrition Enhancer Hot Selling High Quality N-Glycyl-L-Tyrosine Powder CAS 658- 79 -7 White with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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