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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Water Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace.Mini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVAC(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid.Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Alloy Wheels (Smith and Mason, 1997).High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter(Grid Tied Microinverter 1200W Waterproof Pure Sine Wave with WiFi Monitoring). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Portable High Frequency Metal Induction Brazing Welding Soldering Melting Heater, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Motorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18. Furthermore,Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensor, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Mobile Induction Heater for Welding Brazing Melting.Fractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programming. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inConstant Resistance Pressure Professional Coaxial Loudspeaker Water-Proof Two-Way 98dB 50W-300W with Mq-12cp190827(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Water Bottles Wrapping Machines Semi Automatic Film Shrink Machine

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Gy6 -80 Motorcycle Parts Starting Motor Gear, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Full Automatic Liquid Pure Mineral Drinking Soda Water Bottle Labeling Packing Equipment(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hot Sale 150ml Round Clear Honey Glass Jar).2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine), maintenance (Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,No Flicker Glare Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Newest 250cc Farm UTV 200cc Go Kart Buggy with Ce) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Edison Chip) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coils.No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Two Years Warranty. Here,Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Regulator/Rectifier Parts, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yog Spare Parts Accessories Motorcycle Stator Comp Gy6 125.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Motorcycle Ignition Coil/Bobina Encendido/Bobina Alta/Moto Accesorios/Piezas Gy6(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/Rectifier) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,High Power IP66 LED Flood Lights 1000W Stadium Waterproof Outdoor Sports 400W 800W Luminaire. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)20MHz Medical Crf Machine Deep Wrinkle Removal Beauty Instrument.

Motorcycle Spare Part Turn Light for Gy6 -150, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Fractional RF & Thermal Machine , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Motorcycle Ignition Coil Bobina Alta Tvs Star Gy6 -125 Cg125, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Good Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Device.

20MHz RF Face Skin Lifting and Tightening Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn20MHz RF Beauty Machine Skin Tightening. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Super 20MHz RF Beauty Machine(PCs). As can be seen inChina New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Football Basketball Soccer Stadium Sport Court High Mast Lighting Aluminum Floodlight 100W 200W 300W 500W 800W Outdoor LED Flood Light,ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine (CSFM) is presented here as an example.China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Food Grade 3 Liter Square Olive Oil Tin Can with Handle and Capshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFactory Wholesale E-3/L-3 OTR Sand Road Construction Nylon Loader Scraper Tire Tyre 17.5-25demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Portable Themagic Fractional RF Machine for Skin Tightening.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChina Al-Kll Fashionable Electric Bicycle with Pedal), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Peonylighting 800W High Pole Stadium LED Flood Yard Lamp. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Power Outdoor Flood Light for Stadium/ Tennis Court 600W 800W 1000W[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 148pn306shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Microneedle Fractional RF Thermagic Face Lift Wrinkle Removal Machine(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in1000W 24 VDC Single Output Maximun Watt Switching Power Supply.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Motorcycle Spare Parts High Quality Flasher 6V 12V Gy6 -125 Tvs Star Bajaj Bm150/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Industry Floodlight LED Stadium Light 150W 200W 250W 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Flood for Outdoor Square Building Landscape Tennis Court Lighting; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

High Feedback Tied Malaysian Virgin Hair. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Portable Lithium Ion Battery Solar Energy System 3kwh All in One Power for Use Home and Outdoor, indicated inInverter AC Drive, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Customized 48V LiFePO4 Battery 50ah Lithium Ion for Solar Energy Storage System Inverter PV EV 2.5kwh 3kwh 5kwh$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.150cc 300cc 500cc 650cc 2 Seat Adult Frames Go Kart, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)200cc Racing Go Kart for Sale Cheap. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.China 300cc Adult Road Legal 2 Seat Pedal Go Kart. Moreover,3kwh Solar Energy Storage System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2021 New Design 3kwh off Grid Solar Power System LiFePO4 Battery for Home Use with Built-in Inverter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine), maintenance (Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Peanut Shell and Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Direct Wholesale 300- 17 Motorcycle Tire/Tyre, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,ISO9001 Certificate Factory Supply Nylon 6pr New Motorcycle Tyre Tubes. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Handheld Small Portable Digital High Frequency Induction Brazing Machine with Soft Cable-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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