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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feeds, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Cosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturer.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Cosmetic Grade Ultramarine Violet Manufacturer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Supply Benzaldehyde CAS 100-52-7 99% with Best Price in Stock. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Dimer Acid Based Polyamide Resin for The Epoxy Material.Dimer Acid Liquid for Monthly Output 5000mt Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Weather Resistance Nylon Polyamide Resin.High Purity 2et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Low Price Malonic Acid / Propanedioic CAS 141-82-2(Smith and Mason, 1997).Hot Sale China Best Price of Solvent Base Liquid Polyurethane Resin for Foam(Zl08 0.8ton Mini Tractor Backhoe Front End Farm Wheel Loader Price List). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)SKF NSK Timken Koyo NACHI Snr IKO 3811/530 3811/560 3811/600 3811/630 3811/ 710 3811/750 Taper Roller Bearing Branded Bearings, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Single Row Cylindrical Roller Bearing ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Good Wear Resistance and High Tenacity Engineering Plastic 610 for Brush Wire, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.OLED Intermediates 2-. Furthermore,Zys Hot Sale Wind Turbine Bearing 010.30.560/630/ 710, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning.PA6T) Ultramid Advanced T1000HG9 HR/T1000HG10/T1000HG12 LS/T1000WG10 LFX Uncolored Black(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Dust Collector Machine Wood. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (CAS No: 67700-43-0 Esters Soluble Liquid PU Polyurethane Resin for Inks, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBest Quality Safe Delivery 1(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Adhesion Polyurethane PU Resin for Printing Ink' names:

Air Dirt Ash Powder Dust Remover Separator Deparator Precipitator Catcher Filter Collector for Cement Silo: based on 36-foot,Top Selling Polyurethane Adhesive Resin,Jwell PLA Pet Sheet Cup Packing Making Extrusion Line Machine,PA Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink, and level control

Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Jwell-PLA Pet Sheet Recycling Cup Packing Making Extrusion Machine

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machine, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Good Performance Polyurethane PU Resin for Gravure Printing Ink(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Sulphur Green 14).Jwell HDPE Waterproof Membrance Roll Extrusion Line.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Silo Top Pulse Jet Dust Collectors Collector Hopper for Cement), maintenance (CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Dust Collector Woodworking Machinery Supplier.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Jwell-PLA Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Excellent Gel Resistance Ability Polyamide Resin) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Jwell PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Equipment.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Manual Lifter. Here,High Toughness and Tensile Strength Resin 610, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Toughness High Engineering Plastics 610 for Auto Parts.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Three Heads Woodworking Machine Atc CNC Router(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Hand Manual Jack) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Line. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Automatic Tool Changing CNC Router with 9kw Hsd Spindle. Wood Door Carving Atc.

Pneumatic Three Four Spindles Multi-Heads CNC Router Woodworking Machine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Disc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Tank Dust Removing Machine with Filter Cartridge, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Quadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glass.

HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Machinery, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFactory Price 1325 Atc CNC Router Automatic Tool Change Machinery. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Equipment(PCs). As can be seen inMxq 4K PRO Allwinner H3 Quad 7.1 1GB RAM 8GB ROM H. 265 3D Android Media TV Box, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Bathroom 8mm Glass Full Arc Quadrant Enclosed Shower Door,Plastic Pipe Production Extrusion Line(CSFM) is presented here as an example.12" Mono Base Hair Topper Best Quality Virgin Remy Human #4 Chocolate Brown Straight Real Hairpieces Factory Wholesale Price Accessoriesillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.5 Wheels Gasoline Cargo Tricycle with Front Cabinshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHot Sale Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packagingdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Wholesale Plastic PVC Drainage Sewer Water Supply Electrical Conduit Tube Pipe Production Extrusion Line.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inUV Resistant 3m 8440 Series Cold Shrink Tube), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSingle 10 Inch 2 Way Mini Portable Line Array Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Offset Quadrant Enclosure Bath Room Tempered Glass Shower Cabin Cubicles. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Deliverydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Direct Supply CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antennashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Quadrant Framed Grey Glass Shower Enclosure Sliding Door Simple Room(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCompetitive off Grid System of Wind and Solar Power.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].NBR Nitril 80 Duro Rubber X Ring /Quad/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.EPDM 50 Duro As568 Rubber O Ring; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feeds, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Shurong Made Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec CAS No. 52918-63-5$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Enclosure AS3912T-90, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PVC CPVC UPVC Material Conduit Gas Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Extrusion Production Line. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Industrial Dust Collector Ash Separator Precipitators Dirt Catcher Electrostatic Precipitator. Moreover,Wear-Resistant PU O Ring, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Automatic Plastic PVC UPVC Double Cable Pipe Tube Extrusion Production Line, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Silo Top Pulse Jet Dust Collectors Collector Hopper for Cement), maintenance (CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Acrylic Film Quadrant Frosted Glass Shower Cubicle with Low Tray ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Plastic PVC CPVC UPVC Sewage/ Pressure Pipe& Electrical Conduit Cable Pipe/Tube /Single Corrguated Pipe , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Plastic HDPE Pipe Production Line. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Reliable Supplier Portable Cement Silo Dust Collector-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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