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S. Arfania; A.R.9mm E1 Glue Bintangor Plywood Board1000MHz FTTH Trunk Line CATV Mini 2 Ports Signal Amplifier; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.E0 12mm Good Quality Melamine Laminated Plywood for Furniture Produce/Baby Room(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,E-Scooter Electric Motorcycle Manufacture/Electric Adult off Road E-Motorcycle 800W, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.AC Drive.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Hot Sale 60V 800W Brushless Motor Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Sell Well 800W 60V Electric Motorcycle for Daily Riding. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Reliable Quality 3.7kw 3-Phase Solar Water Pump Inverter for Irrigation System.15kw Grid Tied Solar System(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in10 Inch HiFi Full Frequency PA Series Power Amplifier Professional Karaoke Stage Performance Trolley Battery Active Speaker with Multimedia Wireless Bluetooth(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Sporty Electric Scooter ' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Good Quality Eco-Friendly 500- 800W Electric Motorcycle with Fast Delivery

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Suspension Delivery Chinese 800W Electric Motorcycle Small Long Range Accessories Two Wheels, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Amlogic Chipset S905X2 Quad Core Android8.1 4K Smart Internet TV Box T95q(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Glittery Prom Dress Long Backless Spaghetti Strap Shimmering Evening Ball Gown).Plywood Mdo / Hdo for Concrete Formwork Slab Form.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-Monya), maintenance (Electric Scooter with Anti-Theft Motor Lock ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Hot-Sale Sporty Electric Motorcycle Mn5.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Good Price CE 500W Bicicletas Electricas 48V Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (RGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.PAR56 IP68 Waterproof Outdoor Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light.PAR56 316ss 18watt LED Underwater Swimming Pool Lights with PC Niche. Here,18W Recessed IP68 PAR56 LED swimming Pool Underwater Light, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-18W RGB Underwater LED PAR56 Bulb Light for Swimming Pool Lighting.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Sales ABS Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light 18watt(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warranty) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,24watt IP68 Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)The Thinnest Wall Pool Underwater Swimming Light 18 Volts.

Rosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (11kw Grid Tied Solar Energy System Industrial Power Supply, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Customized 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Plywood for The Furniture/Construction.

3-18mm Melamine Plywood/Melamine Board/Fancy Paper Face Plywood for Indoor Use, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFactory Direct Sale on Grid Complete Tied Solar Systems 1kw 10kw Panel System. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Grid Tied Wind Solar Power System(PCs). As can be seen inOEM ODM Public DJ PA Wooden Speaker, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Ash Solid Wood decoration Board,980 50kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter Is Upto 80kw Big Capacity.(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 Manufacturer and Supplierillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.3X3 LCD wall panel surveillance digital display screenshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGainsville Furniture Livingroom Sofa Set Luxury Leather GS9012demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,800ml Square Metal Containers.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSuperior Big Scale Full Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Hollow Brick Block Production Line), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPortable Automatic Ultrasound Bone Analyzer Densitometer) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.No Flicker Glare 18W 12V Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reportsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sale Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Everun CE Approved Articulated Er08 0.8 Ton Multifunction Front End Loader with Standard Bucket(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHot Selling Cartoon Character Super Man PVC Figure Toys Educational.

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Cost model for variable-Wholesale Cmyk Printing 0.5 Liter Chemical Tin Cans

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Un Approved 0.5 Liter Metal Square Paint Empty Tin Cans/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin Can; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,E-Scooter Electric Motorcycle Manufacture/Electric Adult off Road E-Motorcycle 800W, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Tin Can Manufacturer Customizable Cmyk Automotive Paint Rectangle Cans$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Titan Brand 0.8 Ton High Quality Mini Wheel Loader with and Performance., respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Duty Chinese mini loader. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Exclusive Model Electric Scooter 800W 1000W High Torque Matt Black. Moreover,HD Internet Ott TV Box H96 Max+ Rk3328 4G 32g Digital Set Top Apk Downloadad Android 8.1, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-Monya), maintenance (Electric Scooter with Anti-Theft Motor Lock ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Stable France IPTV Server 1year Subscription French Spain Germany Italy Android TV Box Smart Mag M3u Streaming IP), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Upgraded Full HD North America Internet ATSC TV Decoder, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Mular, A.L. 1982.High Quality 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps with Edison Chip.50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive.3 Phase 11kw Speed Low Cost AC Variable Frequency Drive Inverter VFD Manufacturers for Electric Motor, Montreal. 265 pp.         [Padlock]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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