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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea TinsCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.37'' Ultra Wide Stretched Shelf LCD Screen Monitor Advertisement DisplayEngineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.49" 450nits LG panel advertising LCD screen (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,aluminium LCD wall panel surveillance flat display, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.3X3 LCD wall panel surveillance digital display screen.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

AV input LCD wall panel 49inch surveillance monitors, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,LG panel 49" advertising rack . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,55inch wall mount LCD panel surveillance LED video.Two-Way 10inch Karaoke Full Range Speaker F10+ PA Horn(Khalesiet al.,2015).

55 Inch LCD Video Wall Display with Controller.10inch Speaker for Music Bar PRO Audio Sound Systemet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Softel 5-1000MHz Outoodr Bi-Directional CATV RF Amplfier with 2 Outputs and Return Path(Smith and Mason, 1997).10inch Professional Karaoke Speaker for Luxury Room(Mylar Child Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Samsung 55inch 3X3 Digital Signage Display Screen 3.5mm Narrow Bezel, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).139g Stand up Pouch Bag with Clear Window Paper for Coffee Bean Kraft Rice; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Local Anesthetic Cinchocaine CAS85- 79 -0 for Pain Killer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Professional Sound System 10'' PRO Neodymium Line Array PA Audio System.. Furthermore,10inch Loudspeaker PA Speaker PRO Audio, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-10 " Professional Home Theater Stage Performance Audio Video PA Trolley IR Bluetooth Active Speaker with Multimedia Heavy Bass and Big Power.10 Inch Powerful PRO Wood PA Bluetooth Audio Mixer Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Single 10 Inch Active Speaker PS10r2 PA System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMaintence Grease Gun 21V LCD Real Time Information Reading Hand Tool(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Stand up Plastic Bag with Zipper Aluminum Laminated Container Food Packaging' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality Coffee /Candy/Weed /Hemp Plastic Container

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Water Proof Child Coffee /Candy/Weed Plastic Container, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver " Line Array Subwoofer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Jacquard Upholstery Fabric - 1).Electronics ESD Moisture Barrier Aluminum Foil Bag Shielding Anti-Static Plastic for Electronic Parts.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Donbn Dz- 10 Two Way Full Range Professional KTV Speaker), maintenance (Professional Speaker Double 10'' Neodymium Line Array) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,10'' Neodymium Coaxial Speaker. 250W & 60W Power Rating PA Audio..076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (4-Chloro-4'-Methylbenzophenone High Quality Products CAS 5395- 79 -9) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (55" HD 1080P Commercial LED Screen Video Wall LCD Display) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.A+ grade LCD wall panel surveillance high brightness screen.Seamless 1920*1080 Pixel High Resolution LCD Monitor 49". Here,PA 10 -35W 5.25'' Sound Ceiling Speaker, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P screen monitor LCD video wall.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.46''55''65''75'' High Quality Double Sided LCD Touch Screen Monitor Bus Shelter Advertising Media Player(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Purity Amino Acid L-Arginine Powder) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,High Efficiency 10inch Transducers PS10 for Best PA Speaker. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Active 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSP.

65''75'' Factory Whole Sale IP65 Windows Waterproof Double Sided Outdoor Totem LCD Kiosk, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (10 Inch High-Power Professional PA Subwoofer Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Professional 10 Inches Rcf Aluminum PA Speaker Frame, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Peq- 10 Dwb PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth.

PRO Audio 10'' Neodymiun Line Array Speaker System Falante, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDual 10 " Outdoor Wooden PA System Bluetooth Trolley Smart Speaker. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Double 10inch Line Array System Box (PCs). As can be seen in2-Phenylbenzimidazole|716- 79 -0 99% High Purity, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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PA /CPP Rotort Pouch,China Manufactory Supplier Health Coffee Slimming Anti Ageing Tea Food Packaging Foil Bag Popcorn Envelope Plastic Mylar Pouch(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Chinas Motos Electricas 500W/ 800W /1200W/1000W Electrical Electric Scooter illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Dah Complete on Grid Solar System Easy Install 30kw 50kw Tied Powershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileVelashape Slimming Cellulite Removal Body Sculpting Fat Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Chin Top Supplier Supply L- .

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDrop Shipping Electronic Silicone Artistic Custom Pacman Ghost Logo LED Neon Sign), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2.5L-25L Square Metal Tin Can with Lid for Paint Glue Adhesives Packing) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Analgesic Drug Medicine Raw Material 99% Pure API Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium with Best Price. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer DSP Function Indoor Outdoor PA System Bass Speaker with Vk10SA19729demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,CAS 79 -14-1 70% Glycolic Acid Powder[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Stadium Banquet Hall Theater PRO Audio PA Speaker Line Array Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPolyester Lifting Flat Sling or Round.

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Cost model for variable-Professional Supplier Disodium Glycyrrhizin 71277- 79 -7 Food Sweetener Exporter

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Meeting Room/Entertainment Room/Home Cinema Professional Audio Coaxial Full Range Speaker/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Raw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,aluminium LCD wall panel surveillance flat display, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Bloom Tech API Ceftriaxone Sodium 104376- 79 -6. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.St-10 10kw St-12 12kw St-15 15kw St-20 20kw Generator Alternator, indicated in16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive Mixer, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Generator Automatic Controller Eim 258 -9754 Engine Interface Module$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.99% Pure High Quality Anesthetics Cinchocaine 85- 79 -0, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bag. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.PA /Pet/PE/Kraft Laminated Printing Stand up Pouch Food Grade. Moreover,Decent Aluminum Foil Plastic Zipper Packing Bag for LED Light Strip/PCB Board Packing/IC Vacuum Packaging, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch for Food Packaging, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Donbn Dz- 10 Two Way Full Range Professional KTV Speaker), maintenance (Professional Speaker Double 10'' Neodymium Line Array), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Oxygen Absorbers Food Packaging Vacuum Packed Bag for Cookies), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Thermoforming Nylon/Ny Frozen Chicken Meat Packing Vacuum Sealer Bag, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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