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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

Chinese Frequency AC Drive Pure Sine Wave Inverter Mini Water Pump Motor ControllerCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Hzm908 Jn 908 31.5loader Mini Wheel Loader for Sale Best Price Top QualityBig Subwoofer Line Array Speaker ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.0.8t Snow Plow Loader Zl08 Mini Wheel(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Construction Zl08f Mini Hydraulic Compact Front End Loader for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Zl08f Mini/Small Farm Garden Compact Wheel Loader with Lawn Mower.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Hzm908 Er908 Europe Loader Mini Ce EPA Sale with Fork, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Zl08f Construction Machine Farm Tractors Mini Compact Loaders. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,4X8 Size Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer for Plywood Face and Back.0.15mm Okoume Wood Face Veneer Rotary Cutting for Sell(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Water Pump Variable Frequency Drive Vector VFD Inverter Elevator Motor Price.High Performance Vector Control 1pH 220V VFD Variable Frequency Inverter Speed Drive for AC Electric Motoret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 7kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home(Smith and Mason, 1997).Sapele Veneer Plywood Sheet for Wood Furniture and Decoration(Lf Drivers 10 Inches 50-4000 Response Martin Audio Speaker Pw1026-64). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2.8X1.9 Large Size Rotary Cut Okoume Face Veneer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Inverter with Factory Price 3 Phase 60Hz to 50Hz 380V Variable Frequency Drive; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Veneer Engineer Poplar Cross Grain 0.50mm, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.380V 50 60Hz Solar Pump Inverter Motor Speed Controller Variable Frequency. Furthermore,Decorative Natural Mahogany Cedar Sapele Oak Walnut Teak Veneer Fancy, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Factory Price 3 Phase 50Hz to 60Hz AC Converter Solar Pump Inverter.Frequency Converter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.1.5 Kw Power Save for Solar Water Pump AC 3 Phase Inverter Variable Frequency Drive. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Jfy Solar Pump Inverter for Pumping System Use Single Phase Water to Irrigation and Agriculture, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inVelvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0303(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Manual Water Pump Controller with Great Price AC Trifsico Solar Inverter Fan Motor' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Direct HK1 Cool Set Android 9.0 4GB RAM 16GB ROM IPTV 64GB Firmware Smart TV Box

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Wholesale H10 H6 Alfawise GPU Mali T720 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM in Set Top Boxx99 Boxbox Box TV, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Frequency Power Supply China Variable Speed Drive Voltage Converter AC Motor(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (LED Solar Wall Light 78 LEDs 6500K White Color Waterproof with PIR Motion Sensor and 3 Modes Garden Yard Lamp).Titan 4 Wheel Driving 0.8ton Mini Micro Compact Loaders Garden and Farm Using.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Radlader Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Agriculture Work), maintenance (Hzm908 Jn908 31.5 Tyre Loader Best Price Hot Sale) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Pendoo X10 Max Amlogic S905X3 Android TV Player World IPTV Video Box Support IR /2.4GHz Wireless Mobile Remote Control.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Android TV Box 7.1 Smart Full HD 1080P Video Motherboard for Kodi 17.6) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Brand New Loader Mini Garden Farm Zl08 Wheel) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Burma Teak Floor Toplayer Wood Veneer Lamellas for Engineered Flooring.Zl08f Titanhi 800kg Mini Hydraulic Shovel Wheel Loader with Ce. Here,Pendoo X10 Max Android 4K Smart Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott 2GB 16GB IPTV 4G 64G RAM ROM TV Box, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Factory Produced Android Smart TV Box 7.1 Full HD 1080P Video Kodi 17.6.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.1.5 Kw Output 3 Phase 380V Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Vector Control Made in China(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Inverter Manufacturer 3 Phase Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz AC Drive) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Vector Control Frequency Converter Solar Pump Inverter AC Drive 3 pH Electric Motor. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)AC Converter Variable Frequency Drive 3 pH 0.75kw Output Power Supply.

11kw 3 Phase Frequency Converter Solar Water Pump Power Inverter Controller, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Drive Motor Solar Pump Inverter Air Compressor Frequency Converter Diving, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

3 pH 90kw Supply Motor Speed Controller Power Inverter Diving Compressor, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,3 pH 37kw Variable Frequency Drive with AC Input Motor Driver.

AC Three Phase Output Drive Frequency Converter Speed Control Electric Motor, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnZl08f Mini Hydraulic 4WD Compact Shovel Wheel Loader for Sale. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).New Zl08 Mini Radlader with Hydraulic Transmission(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Quality Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid Powder Manufacturer with Bulk Shipment, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Zl08f Mini Tractor Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader,Everun 2021 Brand Ce Certificated Er08 Small Construction Machinery Wheel Loader with Snow Blade(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Power Saver Box Energyillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Truck Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz/Chrysler/Dodge Om647 Gt2256 6470900280 736088-0003shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Boxdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Everun 0.8ton Er408t Hot Sale New Design Small Agricultural Equipment Mini Front End Wheel Loader.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inRechargeablelife Po4 Battery 15W LED Solar Power Lights Indoor), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromUn Approved 0.5 Liter Metal Square Paint Empty Tin Cans) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Wolf Mini Loader Wl80 with Grass Cutter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Blended Powder Oil Liquid Ripex 225 for Muscle Growthdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Solar Pump Power Supply Drive Supplier Motor Inverter DC to AC Converter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Purity Levamisole Manufacturer CAS 14769-73-4 with Best Priceshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Eougem 0.8 Ton Payload Zl08 Front End Loader New Hydraulic Articulated Small Wheel(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDIN6334  Coupling  Nut.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Performance Vector Control VFD 3 Phase 380V Frequency Converter7.5kw Inverter for AC Motor/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Zl08 0.8t Articulated Front End Wheel Loader with Pallet Fork; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Construction Zl08f Mini Hydraulic Compact Front End Loader for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysia$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Factory-Hardwood Veneer in 1300X2500mmx 0.60mm, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Yn725 G Ce Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Variable Frequency Drive VFD Supplier AC Converter 50Hz to 60Hz with Vector Control. Moreover,China Zl08 Payloader 0.8 Ton Min Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Wheel Loader, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Radlader Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Agriculture Work), maintenance (Hzm908 Jn908 31.5 Tyre Loader Best Price Hot Sale), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,4 Kw China Frequency Converter Power Supply Motor Drive 3 Phase Inverter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Power, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Front Loader. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Mular, A.L. 1982.Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan.Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood.Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android, Montreal. 265 pp.         [99.9% High Purity Prilocaine Hydrochloride/Prilocaine HCl CAS 1786-81-8]

Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.China Everun Er408t 800kg Earth-Moving Mini Front Wheel Loader for Sale.Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader.Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android, Montreal. 319 pp.         [Pharmaceutical 1% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free]

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Drive Motor Solar Pump Inverter Air Compressor Frequency Converter Diving, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [98dB 250W Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Speaker Two-Way Inside Amplifier Line Array System with Vs10190905]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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