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Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel LoaderCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Chinese Brand New 258kw/1500rpm 12 Cylinder 4 Stroke Marine Diesel Engine Popular Speaker/ Compact Passive Speaker /PRO Audio with High Quality; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,43" Indoor Narrow Bezel Floor Standstand Alone and Networked LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.49 Inch Portable Alone Standing LED LCD Poster Digital Menu Board.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Alone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Display, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Mineral Reagents Coal Dressing Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate.42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk(Khalesiet al.,2015).

55 Optional Inch Outdoor Stand Double-Side Alone Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display.60 Inch Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage and Displayet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%(Smith and Mason, 1997).2021 Popular Outdoor LCD display Alone Instagram Photo Booth(220V 7.5kw Variable Frequency Drive VFD 3phase AC Inverter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Sinopec Brand Chemical Fertilizer N21% with White Color, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).White Ammonium Sulphate NPK Fertilizer; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Nitrogen 21% Crystal Shape Agriculture Fertilizer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Capro Grade Crystal . Furthermore,Powder Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate with Nitrogen 21%, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Powder Caprolactam Grade Chemical Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%.N21% Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.White Color Crystal Nitrogen N21% Ammonium Sulfate. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Best Price Agriculture Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNew Arrivals Modern Office Furniture Leather Sofa Set with Tea Table(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Factory Price Agricultrue Fertilizer with Caprolactam Grade' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Steel Grade

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Granular CAS No. 7783-20-2 N21% Ammonium Sulphate, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Blue Star 21%(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Medical Protective KN95 Mask for Doctor).Urea Fertilizer/ Ammonium Sulfate with Steel Grade.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Agriculture Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam 25kg Package), maintenance (High Quality Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate 95%) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,L18 /8693 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 1200W New Product China Supplier.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (N21% Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Factory Price) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Plants Ammonium Sulphate Granular 20.5%Min) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Chemical Factory Sale Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer Granular.Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulfate Soa Fertilizer Sulphate. Here,20.5% Nitrogen Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate in Agriculture, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Nitrogen Fertilizer Steel Grade as From China Factory(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Nitrogen Chemical Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate 21%Min) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,White Crystal Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate with N20.5%. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Floating Agent Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate Supplier.

Mineral Processing Reagents Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Agriculture, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

China Suppllier Ammonium Sulphate 21% Nitrogen Fertilizer, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Granular Ammonium Sulphate.

Fertilizer N21%, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnChina Supplier Ammonium Sulphate Compound Fertilizer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Crystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpound(PCs). As can be seen inNew Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate,Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate Vegetables and Fruits Fertilizer(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hot Sell Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Trade Peak Lowest Price for 150cc ATVshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePublic Address System IP Network 20W Poe Active Hanging From Ceiling Pendant Sphere Speaker with Digital Amplifier Loudspeakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hipower Top 10 Speakers Professional Audio PA Loudspeaker 8ohm.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in65ml 75% Alcohol Hand Sanitizer Water Free), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCheapest Set Top Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 Android 7.1 Quad Core 1GB 8GB TV) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.650W-18 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Manufacture China Factory Directly. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Eougem Zl-08 0.8 Ton Chinese Mini Radlader Manufacturer 0.45m3 Bucket Loaderdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Nh4 2so4 Chemical Formula for Ammonium Sulfate Fertilizer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4Kshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.280mm Magnet(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in12V 60W EU Plug Wall Mounted Power Adapter.

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Cost model for variable-Bocinas Prosound 18 Pulgadas PRO Speaker Ruidoso Audio Subwoofer Parlente  Hot Sale

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Professional Audio PA Subwoofer Component Speakers Bocinas/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.L18 /86130 100%Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1000W RMS Subwoofer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,43" Indoor Narrow Bezel Floor Standstand Alone and Networked LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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L18 /86138-Good Feedback! Professional 18 Inch PA Speaker 1500W RMS Neodymium Subwoofer$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.L18 / 6620- 18 Polegadas PRO Audio Subwoofer Alto Falante 650W, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)OEM Custom Square Rectangle Round Rubber Cover. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.N21% White Granular Ammonium Sulphate. Moreover,Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Agriculture Fertilizer N 21% Ammonium Sulfate, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Agriculture Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam 25kg Package), maintenance (High Quality Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate 95%), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Agriculture Fertilizer Nitrogen 21% Ammonium Sulfate China Factory, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Power Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Industrial Ammonium Sulphate Chemical Fertilizer. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.White Extrusion Granular Ammonium Sulphate China Factory-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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