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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Direct Sale City Bike Electric 500W Velo Eectrique Storage Battery Motorcycle 48/60V, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Haolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Super Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycle, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Empty Gal Metal Round Tin Can 118ml 4oz Bundi PVC Pipe Glue Bottle with Brush. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult.High Speed CKD SKD Pedals Disc Brake Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Olderly or Adult(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Adult Electric Motorcycle with Lithium Battery China.Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Portable Motorcycle with Lithium Removable Batteryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Small Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work(Smith and Mason, 1997).Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle(Low Water Absorption Polymer 610). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Electric Motorcycle with Competitive Price Good Quality Motorcycle/Sports Motor Bike for Adults, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Solar Inverter Pump Inverters 5.5kw; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,10 Liter Customized Printed Square Metal Fuel Oil Tin Cans for Paint Coating Solvent, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.350ml Brake Fluid Glue Tin Bottle. Furthermore,9L Tight Head Tin Can with Tap for Oilve Oil Ink and Paint, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Pipo X9s Latest Dual Boot Mini PC 2GB 32GB Wins 10+Android 5.1 TV Box 4K Full HD.6000W Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Without Battery(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Solar Pump Inverter DC/ AC Supplier. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 1.5kw, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEngine Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz Om906 La K27.2 Om366/Om642/Om362/Om441/Om442/Om447/Om457(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Frequnce Converter AC Drive 380V 11kw' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725g Yineng Mini Front End Loader

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Everun Er408 Small Loader Compact with Pallet Forks, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Yn725g 18.5 Kw/2(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Fashion Butterfly Brooch Jewelry Charms).1392 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader), maintenance (Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,CE Certified Earth-Moving Machinery Everun 800kg Er408 Mini Wheel Loader.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (3kw Solar Power System for Home Use on Grid) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Everun Brand CE Certificated Articulated 0.8 Ton China Shovel Loader.PNG Easy Install 12kw 15kw Grid Tied System with Home Delivery Service. Here,China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 250kw, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yangtze Solar Power Grid Tied System Home 5kw 5K.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Sale and Competitive Price Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Daily(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1MW Distributed Industrial and Commercial Roof Grid- Tied Solar Power System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 30kw. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)3 Liter High Quality Customized Square Printed Tin Cans for Oil/Paint.

Metal Tin with Steel Handle for Paint, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Innopack 500ml Round Conveyor Belt Glue Tin Can with Caps, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Manufacturer Wholesale Good Quality Empty 1lt Metal Paint Glue Tin Cans with Lever Flat Pry Lid, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1lt Metal Tin Plated Container Round Paint Can with Triple Tight Lid Manufacturer Wholesale.

China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 45kw, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnAC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 18kw. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Inverter Cabinet VFD Multifuctional Frequency Inverters 55kw(PCs). As can be seen inCinema Hall Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way 250W PC1020, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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AC Fan Frequency Inverter 3pH 7.5kw,Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800Willustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.External 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Dual-Band Small Antenna/Flexible Antennashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCATV Mini Line Extending 2-Way Ampliferdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drive 55kw.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPersonalized Monogram Heavy Canvas Weekender Duffle Bag with Leather Handles), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from100% Copper Wire Stc Series Three Phase AC Dynamo/Generator /  Alternator ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Top Quality CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehydedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Grid Tied 5kw Residencial Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W Panel[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Ophthalmic Optical Pachymeter & Biometer / a Scan shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Yangtze 100kw Grid Tied Portable Solar System Camping Component(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWeda Qt4-36 Type Affordable Automatic Concrete and Cement Sand Hollow Paving Stone Brick Block Making Machine.

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Cost model for variable-Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Roof Mounting Solar System 10kw off Grid Tied Power/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Screw Top Metal Tin Can; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Direct Sale City Bike Electric 500W Velo Eectrique Storage Battery Motorcycle 48/60V, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

a. S Solar Wholesale Price System Grid Tied Energy Systems 5kw Panels. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Best Selling! 15kw Solar System Home Use / 15000W on Grid Tied Roof Ground Panel Power Kit Systems for House, indicated inElectricity Saving Device 600amp , and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.5L Rectangle Metal Aluminium Chemical Paint Oil Easy Open Tin Can. Moreover,Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Non -Cabin, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Fast Delivery Home 5kw Solar Power Grid Tied Energy System Cheap Price, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader), maintenance (Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1389 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Full HD Media Player Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Internet Games Online Play Racing Windows 10 Smart Set Top Box Support Google Apk Install, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Innopack 500ml Round Conveyor Belt Glue Tin Can with Caps, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [12" Professional Rcf Style Speaker Frame]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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