GENERAL PAPERS

Fried Chicken Sweet Chili Sauce Food PackagingCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Factory Wholesale Direct Sale Bicycle Folding Mountain Bike 26 Inch Variable Speed Double Shock AbsorberDyed Skateboard Veneer; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hot Sale Am 20 "Mountain Bike with 21 Speeds(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect Paints, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Adult Foldable Fold Road Bike MTB Mountain Bicycle Sdc -902.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feeds. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturer.Cosmetic Grade Ultramarine Violet Manufacturer(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in954 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;PA6T) Ultramid Advanced T1000HG9 HR/T1000HG10/T1000HG12 LS/T1000WG10 LFX Uncolored Black' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Top Selling Polyurethane Adhesive Resin

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Jwell PLA Pet Sheet Cup Packing Making Extrusion Line Machine, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),PA Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Aluminum Square Reception Desk Office Furniture Conference Meeting Negotiating Table).Jwell-PLA Pet Sheet Recycling Cup Packing Making Extrusion Machine.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machine), maintenance (Good Performance Polyurethane PU Resin for Gravure Printing Ink) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Jwell HDPE Waterproof Membrance Roll Extrusion Line.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Silo Top Pulse Jet Dust Collectors Collector Hopper for Cement) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Dust Collector Woodworking Machinery Supplier.Jwell-PLA Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine. Here,Excellent Gel Resistance Ability Polyamide Resin, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Jwell PP/PC Sheet Extrusion Equipment.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Manual Lifter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Toughness and Tensile Strength Resin 610) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Toughness High Engineering Plastics 610 for Auto Parts. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Three Heads Woodworking Machine Atc CNC Router.

High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Hand Manual Jack, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Line, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Automatic Tool Changing CNC Router with 9kw Hsd Spindle. Wood Door Carving Atc, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Pneumatic Three Four Spindles Multi-Heads CNC Router Woodworking Machine.

Disc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnTank Dust Removing Machine with Filter Cartridge. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Quadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glass(PCs). As can be seen inDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Factory Price 1325 Atc CNC Router Automatic Tool Change Machinery,HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Equipment(CSFM) is presented here as an example.150cc Quad 4WD ATV for Adultsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Ulipristal Acetate Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 126784-99-4 for Contraceptionshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Electric Mobility Scooter Motorcycle with Lights/Electric Bicycle Moped Fast Deliverydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,45cm High Tray Toughened Glass Curved Quadrant Shower Cabin.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in4X8m Luxury Aluminum Frame Custom Advertising Folding Gazebo), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPortable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Number) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Plastic Pipe Production Extrusion Line. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Power Smart Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ahdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Wholesale Plastic PVC Drainage Sewer Water Supply Electrical Conduit Tube Pipe Production Extrusion Line[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficientshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.New Quadrant Shower Enclosure with One Pivot Door(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inScissor Lift Solid Tire Black Design 12.5X4.25.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China Direct Supply CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Quadrant Framed Grey Glass Shower Enclosure Sliding Door Simple Room; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect Paints, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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EPDM 50 Duro As568 Rubber O Ring$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Cheap Price Nice Mini Seal Viton/FKM X Rings, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Rectangle Sliding Strip Glass Door Quadrant Bathroom . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Shurong Made Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec CAS No. 52918-63-5. Moreover,Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Enclosure AS3912T-90, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PVC CPVC UPVC Material Conduit Gas Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Extrusion Production Line, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machine), maintenance (Good Performance Polyurethane PU Resin for Gravure Printing Ink), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Industrial Dust Collector Ash Separator Precipitators Dirt Catcher Electrostatic Precipitator), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Wear-Resistant PU O Ring, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Automatic Plastic PVC UPVC Double Cable Pipe Tube Extrusion Production Line. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Acrylic Film Quadrant Frosted Glass Shower Cubicle with Low Tray -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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