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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Premium quality and very competitive price for Permethrin 25% EC(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/UPVC Production Line/Plastic PVC/UPVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weighing Scale with Manual Hand Telehandler.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Permethrin 25% EC Pesticide & Insecticides, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Jwell PVC Dual/Four Pipe High Speed Extrusion Equipment C-PVC/U-PVC/PVC-O Making Machine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,HD250-5/7 Arm Boom Bucket Cylinder Seal Cyl for Kato.Ergonomic Design AC 3000kg Trolley Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck(Khalesiet al.,2015).

PVC Garden Pipe Making Machine Cost.CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmideet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Mini Dumper Wolf Wl80 Loader with CE(Smith and Mason, 1997).PU Wheel 2000kg Hand Pallet Truck with Digital Weighing Scale(UV Protection Agent 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 Mesh Number Can Be Customized Exogenous Biological Compounds). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Excellent Quality CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).PVC Pipe Making Machine Alibaba; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,3ton Hydraulic Hand Pallet Truck Trolley Special, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2000kg Mini Cheap Price Nylon Wheel Hand Hydraulic Pallet Truck. Furthermore,Direct Sale Polyamide PA Resin for Ink, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-CAS No. 63428-84-2 High Gloss Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin PA for Printing Ink.Plastic PVC|PE|PP|PPR|Agriculture Water|Gas|Irrigation Pipe|Faux Marble Sheet|Foam Board Floor|Roofing Tile|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine Production Line(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Warehouse Transporting Equipment Hydraulic Nylon Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Truck. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Conical Twin Screw PVC /CPVC Plastic Extruder/PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Production Line, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in15kw Grid Tied Solar System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;PVC Vacuum Calibrated Tank 160mm' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kits for Sumitomo

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Komatsu PC270-7 Arm Cyl Ket, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Deltamethrin 2.5% EC Pesticide & Insecticides(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Natural Stone Wave Sand / Multicolor Red Granite Slab for Counter Top).Manufacture! OEM Komatsu PC50uu-2 Bucket Cyl Seal Ket.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (16 Years Agrochemical Manufacturer Pest Control Deltamethrin Low Price), maintenance (Deltamethrin 98% Tc Insecticide 2.5 Sc Wholesale 2021) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Top Quality Insecticide Classification Deltamethrin 98%TC.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Highly Effective Deltamethrin ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Chrome Quadrant Shower Enclosure with Plastic Double Roller) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Frame Quadrant Glass Curved Shower Cubicle for Sale Price.Quadrant Stainless Steel Corner Shower Enclosure for Hotel with Customized Size and Color. Here,Quadrant Framed Shower Enclosure/ Cabin / Cubicle , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Imiprothrin 93%TC.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Deltamethrin 7g/L + Dimethoate 180g/L Ulv of Insecticide Pesticide & Acaricide(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp of Insecticide Pesticide) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PVC 16-32mm Four Pipes Extrusion Line.

High Speed UPVC/CPVC/PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe Extrusion Machine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC300-5, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

PPR Pipe/HDPE Pipe/PVC Pipe /UPVC Machine Manufacturer Factory, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Komatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC400-6.

Komatsu Bucket Cyl Ket for PC300-5, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHyundai Excavator Hydraulic Cylinder Bucket Seal Kit for R210. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Ex200-1/2/3/4/5 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit for Hitachi(PCs). As can be seen inP-Toluenesulfinic Acid Sodium Salt Hydrate , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.0.8ton Contruction Machine Mini Small Wheel Loader with Bucketshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAct MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switchdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality CAS No. 63428-84-2 Alcohol Soluble Polyamide PA Resin for Packaging Ink.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBathroom Round Soaking Lucite Simple Acrylic Bath Tub Freestanding SPA Bathtub), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWholesales Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Reagentplus T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Polyamide Fabric PA. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nutdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Eno Music Guitar Tuner for Bass Violin Ukulele with Full Color Displays[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Disperse Red 11 or Brill Pink 4bnshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Adjust Guitar Voice Tuner LED Display(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSs 304 Pan Head Torx Security Binding Post Screw.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Senior Electric Guitar /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Acoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PVC Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/UPVC Production Line/Plastic PVC/UPVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Lp Electric Guitar on-on-on Control Switch$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Ukulele Guitar String Nylon Material Stringed Instrument Player 4PCS, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Digital Tuner . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Metronome and Tuner. Moreover,Creative Caline Cp-09 Tuner Power Pedal Guitar, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Digital Tuner for Guitar , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (16 Years Agrochemical Manufacturer Pest Control Deltamethrin Low Price), maintenance (Deltamethrin 98% Tc Insecticide 2.5 Sc Wholesale 2021), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Newest Hot Sell Guitar Machine Head Tuner), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.10W 4" Inchs LED Dimmable Downlight for Room, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Super Power LED Lighting 100W Flicker Free Ceiling Lamp. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Bluetooth Speaker WiFi RGB+WY LED Ceiling Lamp-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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Creative Commons LicenseÂAll the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under aPowerful Snow Ski LED Lights Adult Racing a Snowmobile