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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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S. Arfania; A.R.Earthmoving Equipments Mini Wheelloader Wl80 Loader RadladerAmmonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+Capro; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.10MHz Linear Vascular/Anesthesia Portable Wireless Ultrasound Scanner(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Advanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.WiFi Probe Type 2 in 1 Double Head Wireless Mini Color Doppler Ultrasound.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Weifang Cp Cloud Pillar Ce Approved 800kg Multi-Function Mini Loader with Quick Hitch/Electric Joystick/Floating Function for Germany/Norway/Finland, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Aj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,18watt Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp with Two Years Warranty.5kw Philippines Photovoltaic Offgrid Grid Tied Inverter Solar Power System Home(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Solar Power System 8kw Grid Tied Solution.CE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap priceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 99% Tech Grade Disodium Phosphaten Used as Water-Softening Agent(Smith and Mason, 1997).Wolf Agricultural Machinery Construction Small Front End Wheel Loader with Euro5 and Tier4 Engine(Outdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China Portable Medical Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Pachymeter with B Probe for Eyes, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).6000W 200V-240V AC Single Phase on Gird/ Grid- Tied Solar Power Energy System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Ce Approved 10 Inch Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.5GHz 10dBi Wideband Omni WLAN Antenna. Furthermore,Jy125t-36c 125cc Scooter with Cdi and Efi, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna .2021 New Arrival China Supplying Internet TV Set Top Box Smart 4K HD 4GB Android 9 Amlogic S922X(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (16" Inch Steel Wheel for Toyota Prado Land Cruiser, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPlastic Products Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized for Film Package(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;off Road 200cc Motorcycle for Hot Sale' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartin, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Player(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Tree Bark Removing Machine).Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Volkswagen VW Tiguan Atlas Touareg.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Sell Good Quality Best China Manufacturer Factory Price Transvaginal Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner), maintenance (Gospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STB) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Medical Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer in Low Price.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Yj-Ubd7a Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Biometer & Pachymeter Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.IN-A4CPL Portable Wireless WiFi ultrasound color doppler scanner machine.Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China. Here,Diesel Central Drive Three Wheel Dumper for Sale, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Chinese Product Best Price Microconvex Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Apr125 White Motorcycle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Apr125 Red Motorcycle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Apr125-2 White Motorcycle.

Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (IN-AC5MC USB mobile scan cheapest pocket handheld hospital ultrasound scanner, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Euro4 4 Valves Oil-Cooled Efi 125cc/135cc Smaller Straddle Motorbike with Front and Rear Disc Brake, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,350cc Motorcycle with Double-Cylinder & Water-Cooled Engine .

Popular Medical Device Automatic Bone Densitometer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnDiesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From China. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Diesel Dump Central Steering Drive Three Wheeler From China for Sale(PCs). As can be seen inChina Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kg, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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One and Half Rows Three Wheeler for Sale,Chinese Wholesale Gas Powered EPA Ce Trike Scooter 300cc(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Customized Printed 3.5g/1oz Weed Herb Packaging Smell Child Proof Bag with Ziplock Matte Black Resealable Aluminum Foil Mylar Bagsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.2021 New China Adult Tricycle Motor Cargo for Saleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileScooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Lookingdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Adult 800W Power Electric Scooter Suit for Woman.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustom 3D Metal Art Crafts Detective Military Rank Police Award Button Badges Brooch School Sports Souvenir Gift Lapel Pins Supplies Army Aircraft Model Emblem), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVAC) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Selling 60V 800W /72V 1200W New Electric Scooter/E-Scooter Motorcycle. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cheap Popular Pattern 3.00-18 Motorcycle Tyredemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,dB002e Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle 800W and Kids 500W with Ce for[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PRO Audio PA System Digital Mixershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.350W/500W/ 800W /1000W/1200W Motor Electric Scooter EW-519 Classis Model(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPoly Bubble Mailer Kraft Envelope Wrap Mailing Bag Courier Satchel.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].New Energy Pedal Electric Scooter Max Speed 35km/H 350W 500W 800W Motor Power/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5GHz 30dBi Grid Parabolic Antenna ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Advanced 7.5MHz/10MHz Superficial Organ Use Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

5GHz Dish Parabolic Antenna 29dBi. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.2.4/ 5GHz Dual Band H-Pol Sector Antenna, indicated inCovered Tricycle Carriage Closed Cargo Box, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Electric Dirt Bike Zm-Es18 with 500W- 800W Motor$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.5GHz 20dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector Antenna. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna. Moreover,5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antenna, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Sell Good Quality Best China Manufacturer Factory Price Transvaginal Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner), maintenance (Gospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STB), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Sector WiFi Antenna), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Poplar Film Faced Plywood Board with Carb Certificate. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Cosmetic Grade 99% Purity All Trans Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin/Vitamin aPharmaceutical Powder Vitamin a Acid /Retinoic Acid/ Tretinoin for Skin CAS 302- 79 -4Corresponding author

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