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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Customized B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.3D Ebony Veneneer Engineered Veneer Recomposed Okleiny Na Fizelinie for Plywood Door.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Cute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From China, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Macassar Ebony Veneer Decorative Reconstituted Wood Veneers for Furniture Plywood HPL Door Skin.Chinese Brand Smallest Turning Radius Rops Fops 0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Ce EPA(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Bulk Quality Cheap Smart Elecetric Scooter 60V800W for Lady.Chinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adultet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Gtb1749vk Turbo Cartridge 798128-0004 for 2011- Peugeot Boxer(Smith and Mason, 1997).350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adults(Coaxial Loudspeaker TD12). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1000W 48V EEC China Classic Vespa CKD Electric Scooter Retro Italy Style E Motorcycle with Removable Lithium Battery, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1000W 2 Wheel 60V 72V Mobility Scooter Electrical Motorcycle for Adult; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Chinese Best Cheap Electric Scooter Korea Hot Sell 48V Thailand Motorcycle with Pedal, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Hot Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W Power Motor with USB. Furthermore,Factory Direct Supply High Speed Electric Motorcycle Throttle Control Bike, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cheap Street Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Bit Protect Frame 60V800W.China Tl08 Mini Wheel Loader with Low Price for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Er08 Farm Mini Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2021 Best Selling 500W Electric Moped E Bike Bicycle with Pedals(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Ce Approved Mini Loader with Road Sweeper' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Metal Cans 0.925 Liter Tin Barrel for Packaging Container(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Anti Theft Security UPVC/PVC Plastic Sliding Folding Glass Door).Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive), maintenance (Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Frequency Converter for Water Pump.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Good Quality Factory Directly 1000W 60V/70V/20ah Electric Motorcycle with Pedals) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.0.5L Tin Can with Dry Cover.Food Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cans. Here,AC Frequency Converter 50Hz 60Hz Drive Inverter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Good Quality Electric Bike & Two-Wheel Dual Motor Foldable China Motorcycle for Adult.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Food Grade 3 Liter Square Olive Oil Tin Can with Handle and Cap(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Cheap Power Motor Big Protect Frame Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

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whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Cheap Electric Bike/Electric Motorcycle for Hot Selling.

Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Selling Electric City Bike New Scooter E-Scooter Motorcycle as Children's Gifts, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,0.8 Ton Mini/Small Tractor Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Forklift.

Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWheel Loader Mini Wolf Wl80 with Forks. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Zl08 0.8 Ton Agricultural Farm Articulated Mini Wheel Loader with Hydraulic System(PCs). As can be seen in2021 Android TV Box H96 WiFi Set Internet, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.8mm Thickness 316ss IP68 RGB DC12V 18W External Control Mode LED Swimming Pool Lightshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCe Approved 10 Inch Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Cheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in315ton Cold Press Punching C Frame Power), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.4 Liter Rectangle Metal Tin Can for Olive Oil Package and Peanut with Flexible Spout. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Tx6s H616 32GB ROM Recorder Android 4GB RAM Stick Set Top 2021 SIM Card Ott WiFi Andriod Smart TV Boxdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,18L Square Metal Tin Cans with Handle and Lid for Oil[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finishshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Glue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint Sizes(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNew Type Plastic Bags Crusher Pet PVC Recycling Machine.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Grid Tied 30kw Solar PV System for Shingle Roof/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

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Pinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial Roof$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2013 Popular Electric Motorcycle 90km with Pedal CE , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Chinese Zl08f Wheel Loader 0.8ton Mini with Quick Hitch for Sale. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Wolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabin. Moreover,Yn725g Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Er08 New CE Approved Small Shovel Loader, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive), maintenance (Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Everun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loader), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725g, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,0.8 Ton Mini Front Loader Wl80 Shovel for Garden/Farm. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Low Frequency Inverter AC Drive-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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