GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Outdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.12" Line Array Loud Speaker Sound System Professional PA.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional Line Array PA System S1210 Sound. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cosmetic Material 99% Purity Tretinoin Powder.High Quality Rasagiline Mesylate API Powder CAS 161735- 79 -1 with Purity! !(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Spts.High Power DJ Sound Equipment System Line Array PA Speakeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Best Pest Control Insecticide Deltamethrin 5% Ec Supplier Neocidol(Smith and Mason, 1997).2X12 Outdoor Compact Neodymium PRO Audio PA Event Line Array(5HP 50Hz 60Hz 3.7kw 3 Phase VFD Variable Frequency Drive for Motor). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Best Price Medicine Grade Lanosterol Powder, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4. Furthermore,Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with Best Price, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Anti-Wrinkle and Aging Chemical Raw Materials.High Quality Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Waterproof Childproof Ziplock Valve Bag. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Professional Sound Speaker Single 8 Inch Portable Stage Monitor PS8r2, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Pharmaceutical CAS 5413-5-8 BMK Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Line Array Speaker Neodymium Af15

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Q210 Passive PA Speaker System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (6W /M to 12W/M 12V/24V DC Warm White LED Strip).Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console), maintenance (100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Skin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Lf Drivers 10 Inches Professional Speaker Pw1032-64) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (12" Loudspeaker as Monitor Speaker System 12 Inch Powerful Coaxial) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Made in China PA Speaker System Three Way Loudspeakers.Line Array Speaker Professional PA System Two Way Full Rang Passive . Here,Pyridinecas Number 110//86//1 Used as Chemical Reagent, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMG.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.P-Toluenesulfinic Acid Sodium Salt Hydrate (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Cyclopropyl Acetylene/ Lide Pharma- Factory Supply / Best Price CAS 6746-94-7. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)CAS: 13463-67-7 Titanium Dioxide Powder.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

10W Wall Mount Speaker with Transformer 8 Ohm 100V Bluetooth , R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Karaoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker Box.

Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnV-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).PRO Audio PA System Digital Mixer(PCs). As can be seen inDiesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System,10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosure(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Cheap Price Speaker Wall Mount Bracket illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Motor Electronic Power Frequency Converter 380V 2.2kwshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileOverseas Warehouse Fast Delivery Organic Chemicals demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Wild Bee Venom Extract Melittin 99% Powder for Skin Care.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPlastic Flooring Homogeneous Vinyl), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.OLED Intermediates 2-demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 2/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Opa O-Phthalaldehyde with Best Price; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Active$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Hot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics. Moreover,Manufacturer Supply 1, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console), maintenance (100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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