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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic ApplicationCost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules.PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105.Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rodet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PA System LED Light Trolley Tws Woofer Speaker Party Audio(Smith and Mason, 1997).Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses(0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar. Furthermore,Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube.Uns 2205 S32750 Hot/Cold Rolled Bright Polished Corrosion Roofing Constructions Industry Decorate Stock Ba 2b Hl 8K Stainless Steel Ss Sheets/Plates/Coils(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla149sm304. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (ABS Grade C A500 Construction Material Steel Sheet Shipbuilding Plate Flat).Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design), maintenance (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364A.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470. Here,Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box.

Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China.

Grey Masterbatch for Plastic Chair, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPlastic Raw Materials Black Masterbatch for PP PE Plastics. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).LDPE Plastic Pellet 30% Black Pigment Color Masterbatch(PCs). As can be seen inRectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Bathroom Acrylic Alone Common Bathtub with Two Side Apron ,Eco-Friendly Materials Narrow Rim Border New Design Freestanding Bath Tub Popular Acrylic Standing Alone Bathtubs #S014(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front Endillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Engineer Veneer Ebonyshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pumpdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFactory Wholesale Silver or Brsss Womens Fashion Jewellery Design Cubic Zirconia Bracelets for Girls), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw on) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Chinese Everun Zl08 800kg 0.8 Ton Compact Small Mini Wheel Loader with Snow Bucketdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antennashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCCTV Sewer Drain Security Inspection Testing Robot Cameras.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Ammonium Polyphosphate , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine. Moreover,Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design), maintenance (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108.         [Frequency Converter 200HP Three Phases]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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