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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Auto Feeding Inner Mounted Pipe Tube Beveling Engine.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Tws True Wireless Headphone Earbud Bluetooth 5.0 New Design, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s355A. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Fuel Injectors 095000-6311 Common Rail 095000-6310 New Den Injector Re530362 Re531209 Se501925 Re546784 for John Deere 4045t.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 147sm327.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s364Aet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Rg-Ap3220 Dual Band and Radio 5.8g Wireless Poe Access Point / Ap(Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150s424n470(Gt1749V ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Wireless Headphone Tws Bluetooth Earphone for Phone, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Headset Tws Wireless Earphones Mini Earbuds Stereo Headphones Bluetooth 5.0; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging Box, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.L18 Tws Bluetooth V5.0 Stereo Music Earbuds Headset. Furthermore,Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box.Double End Single Side Acrylic Freestanding Tub(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Cheap Plastic Raw Material Granules Black Masterbatch. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Portable On-Site Pipe Tube Chamfering Chamfer Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHeat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bag(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Derrison Smart Bulb Sunrise Wake-up WiFi Lights Cellphone Control Color Dimmable Soft).Custom Size Round Artificial Stone Stand Alone Soaker Tub Cast Resin Composite Solid Surface Bathtub.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry), maintenance (Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. Here,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Ammonium Polyphosphate (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate.

Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line.

Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnScarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320(PCs). As can be seen inBeverage Water Packing Equipment , neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine,T-Type Electric Beveling Machine (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Electric Scooter 800W 60V20ah Lead Acidillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Jwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decorationshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla148p591demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment .

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSmart Collection Perfume No. 94), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weighing Scale with Manual Hand Telehandler) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.6 Cyl Head and Rotor . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Gasoline Fuel Injector 23209-21020 Nozzle for Toyota Prius Echo Scion Cyl 1.5L 1nz[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Professional Audio 350W Sound System Single 10 Inch PRO Line Array Speaker shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Pigment(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNew Custom Eco-Friendly Disposable Pack 50 Paper Hot Cups for Drinks.

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Cost model for variable-Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask, indicated inWholesale Price Professional PA PRO Audio Sound System Loudspeaker, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar by Zeron100 . Moreover,S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Against Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous as Emulsifier in Food Industry), maintenance (Air Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machine), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2507 Uns S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet / Plate), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Endless Pool, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,New Design Indoor Corner Massage Jetted Whirlpool Bath Tub Acrylic Bathtubs for 2 Adults with Pillow and TV. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Outdoor Jet Surf Massage Bubble SPA Swimming Pool Hot Tub Combo-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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